• 유기물자원화
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.36-43
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• 2012

농업 바이오매스를 혐기소화 시스템에 투입 가능성 여부를 구명하기 위해, 생산량이 가장 많은 볏짚을 원료로 하여 전처리에 따른 볏짚의 가수분해과정에서 휘발성유기산(VFAs)의 변화 특성을 조사하였다. 전처리는 3 cm 절단과 분쇄, $35^{\circ}C$와 $55^{\circ}C$, 알카리 처리, 교반속도 등을 조사하였다. 총 휘발성유기산(TVFAs)의 농도는 가수분해 시간이 경과하면서 증가하였다. 볏짚의 크기에서는 분쇄한 시료가 3cm 절단 시료에 비해 분쇄한 시료에서 TVFAs의 농도가 높게 나타났으며, 알칼리를 처리한 시료는 처리전에 비해 3배 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 교반속도별로는 온도에 따라 다르게 나타났는데 $35^{\circ}C$에서는 150 rpm이, $55^{\circ}C$에서는 80rpm과 200 rpm에서 TVFAs의 농도가 높게 관측되었다. 전체적으로는 TVFAs중에서 acetic acid가 대부분이었으며, TVFAs와 유사한 증감경향을 보였다. 섬유소의 변화는 셀룰로스와 헤미셀룰로스가 약간 감소하였으나, 리그닌은 변화가 없는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.273-279
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• 2006

The performance of an autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) system was studied to determine if nitrogen loss, as ammonia, was affected by an exhaust gas condenser. The system was run with and without a condenser while treating $8m^3$ of piggery slurry for 8 days. The system with a condenser (SWC) maintained the reactor temperatures above $40^{\circ}C$ for 2 days during the 8 days run, while the system without a condenser (SWOC) remained above $40^{\circ}C$ for 6 days. The SWC maintained the reactor temperatures mostly at mesophilic conditions while the SWOC at thermophilc conditions. Differences in operation conditions for the two runs were mainly caused by differences in atmospheric temperatures. Soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and volatile solids (VS) removal efficiencies of the SWC (SCOD: 62%, VS: 41%) were higher than those of the SWOC (SCOD: 40%, VS: 20%). The total Kjeldal nitrogen (TKN) removal efficiency of the SWC (7%) was less than that of the SWOC (25%). The concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the SWC was observed to be lower than the threshold value of 0.23 g total VFA/L after 6 days, while the SWOC progressed below the threshold value after 3 days. No offensive odor emissions were observed in either run, which suggest that the use of the ATAD system may be a good odor removal strategy.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 1987

우리나라 전통수산식품의 식품학적 연구의 일환으로서 담치젓국의 유리아미노산, 핵산관련물질, betaine, 총 creatinine 및 유기산 등의 정미성분과 지방산조성을 분석하였다. 담치젓국의 수분함량은 59.6%였고 조단백질 및 당은 9.4%였다. 각각 18.2%, VBN함량은 89.4mg/100g이었고 아미노질소 함량은 157.3mg/100g이었다. 총유리아미노산 함량은 건물량기준으로 10,520.5mg/100g 이었고 이중 glycine, arginine, aspartic acid 및 glutamic acid가 전체의 55.7%를 차지하였다. 핵산관련물질은 hypoxanthine의 함량이 건물량기준으로 $8.77\;{\mu}mole/g$으로써 가장 많았다. 담치젓국의 엑스분질소중에서 유리아미노산질소, 암모니아질소, 핵산관련물질질소, TMAO질소, TMA질소, betaine질소 및 총 creatinine질소가 전체의 71.7%를 차지하고 있었고 이중 유리아미노산질소가 53.3%를 차지하여 상당히 많았다. 불휘발성유기산은 7종이 동정되었으며 succinic acid가 건물량기준으로 125.5mg/100g으로서 가장 많았고 다음으로 lactic acid(91.9mg/100g) 및 ${\alpha}-keto-glutaric$ acid(23.2mg/100g)의 순이었으며 oxalic acid, fumalic acid, malic acid 및 citric acid는 미량 검출되었다. 지방산조성은 폴리엔산이 45.5%, 포화산이 33.0%, 모노엔산이 21.5%였고 주요구성지방산은 16 : 0, 18 : 2, 22 : 6, 18 : 1 및 20 : 5였다. 관능검사 결과 유리아미노산이 맛에 기여하는 정도가 가장 컸고 다음으로 유기산 및 핵산관련물질의 순이었다. 담치젓국의 맛에는 유리아미노산과 불휘발성유기산이 중요한 역할을 하며 핵산관련물질과 TMAO, betaine 및 creatinine이 보조적 역할을 할 것으로 볼 수 있었다.

• 기술사
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.104-118
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• 1999

Alaska Pollack (Theragramma), Mackerel (Socomber japonicus), yellow corvenia (Pseudosc iance manchurica) were dressed, and then meat was separated from the other parts through a fish meat separator. After dehydration, the meat was ground with a silent cutter, packaged in polyethylene bags, and stored at -15。C for days. Samples were taken at regular intervals throughout the storage period and investigated for changes in puality characteristics such as the amounts of nitrogenous compounds, degree of lipid oxidation, fatty acid composition, and organoleptic factors. The resrlts obtained in this study were as follows; 1. The volatile basic nitrogen[VBN] contents of Alaska pollack, and yellow corvenia meat pastes increased from 14.4, 11.2 and 10.8mg% to 41.6, 38.3 and 40.6mg%, respectively during a 120 day storage period, whereas the trimethylamine oxide nitrogen [TMAO-N] contents decreased from 117.2, 12.8 and 17.2mg% to 40.3, 2.6 and 7.1mg% during the same period. 2. The TBA value of the mackerel meat paste showed a maximum peak after 60 days, and then decreased gradually, whereas the TBAvalues of the alaska pollack and yellow corvenia meat pastes increased steadily during the same period. The acid values of the meat pastes increased during the storage period, while the iodine values decreased. 3. The fatty acid composition of the total lipid of the meat pastes changed considerably during ghe 120 days storage period : saturated fatty acids in the total lipid such as myristic, palmitic, and stearic acid increased, while unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic, gadoleic, eicosapentaenoic, erucic and docosahexaenoic acid decreased steadily. The initial percentage contents of the unsaturated fatty acids in the total lipid of the Alaska pollack, mackerel, and yellow corvenia meat pastes were 87.2%, 63.9%, and 75.9% respectively. However, the contents decreased to 46.0%, 42.5% and 51.3% after the 120day storage period. 4. The color of the meat pastes changde gradually into dark brown. L values of the meat paste measured with a thistimulus colorimeter decreased steadily during the storage period, while a and b values increased during same period. 5. Judging from the results of organoleptic evaluation on the fish odor, color and overall acceptability, significant difference were found between the odor and color of the mackerel and those of the yellow corvenia meat pastes. Overall acceptability score of yellow corvenia was higher than that of Alaska pollack or mackerel meat pastes.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권16호
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• pp.7179-7188
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• 2015

Cancer is a major health obstacle around the world, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) as major causes of morbidity and mortality. Nowadays, there isgrowing interest in the therapeutic use of natural products for HCC and CRC, owing to the anticancer activity of their bioactive constituents. Boswellia serrata oleo gum resin has long been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine to alleviate a variety of health problems such as inflammatory and arthritic diseases. The current study aimed to identify and explore the in vitro anticancer effect of B. Serrata bioactive constituents on HepG2 and HCT 116 cell lines. Phytochemical analysis of volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Oleo-gum-resin of B. Serrata was then successively extracted with petroleum ether (extract 1) and methanol (extract 2). Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis of the lipoidal matter was also performed. In addition, a methanol extract of B. Serrata oleo gum resin was phytochemically studied using column chromatography (CC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) to obtain four fractions (I, II, III and IV). Sephadex columns were used to isolate ${\beta}$-boswellic acid and identification of the pure compound was done using UV, mass spectra, $^1H$ NMR and $^{13}C$ NMR analysis. Total extracts, fractions and volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo-gum resin were subsequently applied to HCC cells (HepG2 cell line) and CRC cells (HCT 116 cell line) to assess their cytotoxic effects. GLC analysis of the lipoidal matter resulted in identification of tricosane (75.32%) as a major compound with the presence of cholesterol, stigmasterol and ${\beta}$-sitosterol. Twenty two fatty acids were identified of which saturated fatty acids represented 25.6% and unsaturated fatty acids 74.4% of the total saponifiable fraction. GC/MS analysis of three chromatographic fractions (I,II and III) of B. Serrata oleo gum resin revealed the presence of pent-2-ene-1,4-dione, 2-methyl- levulinic acid methyl ester, 3,5- dimethyl- 1-hexane, methyl-1-methylpentadecanoate, 1,1- dimethoxy cyclohexane, 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene and 17a-hydroxy-17a-cyano, preg-4-en-3-one. GC/MS analysis of volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin revealed the presence of sabinene (19.11%), terpinen-4-ol (14.64%) and terpinyl acetate (13.01%) as major constituents. The anti-cancer effect of two extracts (1 and 2) and four fractions (I, II, III and IV) as well as volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin on HepG2 and HCT 116 cell lines was investigated using SRB assay. Regarding HepG2 cell line, extracts 1 and 2 elicited the most pronounced cytotoxic activity with $IC_{50}$ values equal 1.58 and $5.82{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h, respectively which were comparable to doxorubicin with an $IC_{50}$ equal $4.68{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h. With respect to HCT 116 cells, extracts 1 and 2 exhibited the most obvious cytotoxic effect; with $IC_{50}$ values equal 0.12 and $6.59{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h, respectively which were comparable to 5-fluorouracil with an $IC_{50}$ equal $3.43{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h. In conclusion, total extracts, fractions and volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin proved their usefulness as cytotoxic mediators against HepG2 and HCT 116 cell lines with different potentiality (extracts > fractions > volatile oil). In the two studied cell lines the cytotoxic acivity of each of extract 1 and 2 was comparable to doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil, respectively. Extensive in vivo research is warranted to explore the precise molecular mechanisms of these bioactive natural products in cytotoxicity against HCC and CRC cells.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.352-356
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• 2002

One hundred-fifty lactating, multiparous cow at post-peak of lactation were used to examine the effect of dietary yeast supplementation on milk production, milk composition and ruminal fermentation. The cows were randomly allocated to three groups of fifty cows each: a control group fed on a basal diet without yeast supplementation and two groups fed on basal diets supplemented with one of two commercial sources of yeast cultures, given at the rates of 15 g/head/d ($YC_1$) and 50 g/head/d ($YC_2$), respectively, as per manufacturers' recommendation. Daily milk production was recorded for all cows, while milk samples were taken randomly from ten cows per group for two consecutive days at two-week intervals for chemical analysis of the milk. Rumen fluids were also analyzed for ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acids. The results indicated that cows consuming diets supplemented with yeast culture tended to decrease their dry matter intake and to increase their milk yield. Cows fed $YC_2$ supplemented diet produced more milk and 4% fat corrected milk than those fed either $YC_1$-supplemented diet or the control. The highest milk fat percentage was obtained in cows fed $YC_2$ supplemented diet while the highest percentages of protein, lactose, total solids and solids not fat were recorded in cows fed $YC_1$. Rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased significantly after yeast culture supplementation. Molar proportion of volatile fatty acids did not change significantly with yeast supplementation.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권9호
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• pp.1384-1392
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• 2023

Objective: Replacing soybean meal (SBM) with cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) meal pellets (CMP) in concentrate diets was investigated for feed efficiency, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in Thai native beef cattle. Methods: Four male beef cattle were randomly assigned to treatments using a 4×4 Latin square design with four levels of SBM replaced by CMP at 0%, 33%, 67%, and 100% in concentrate diets. Results: Results revealed that replacement of SBM with CMP did not affect dry matter (DM) consumption, while digestibilities of crude protein, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber were significantly enhanced (p<0.05) but did not alter digestibility of DM and organic matter. Increasing levels of CMP up to 100% in concentrate diets increased ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen (NH₃-N) concentrations, blood urea nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids and propionate concentration (p<0.05), whereas production of methane and protozoal populations decreased (p<0.05). Efficiency of microbial nitrogen protein synthesis increased when SBM was replaced with CMP. Conclusion: Substitution of SBM with CMP in the feed concentrate mixture at up to 100% resulted in enhanced nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation efficiency, with increased volatile fatty acids production, especially propionate and microbial protein synthesis, while decreasing protozoal populations and mitigating rumen methane production in Thai native beef cattle fed a rice straw-based diet.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.655-667
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of a hydroethanolic extract of walnut green husks (WGH) on rumen fermentation and the diversity of bacteria, methanogenic archaea, and fungi in sheep fed a high-concentrate diet. Methods: Five healthy small-tailed Han ewes with permanent rumen fistula were selected and housed in individual pens. This study adopted a self-controlled and crossover design with a control period and an experimental period. During the control period, the animals were fed a basal diet (with a ratio of concentrate to roughage of 65:35), while during the treatment period, the animals were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.5% hydroethanolic extract of WGH. Fermentation parameters, digestive enzyme activities, and microbial diversity in rumen fluid were analyzed. Results: Supplementation of hydroethanolic extract of WGH had no significant effect on feed intake, concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, isovalerate, ammonia nitrogen, and microbial protein (p>0.05). However, the ruminal pH, concentrations of acetate, butyrate and isobutyrate, the ratio of acetate to propionate, protozoa count, and the activities of filter paper cellulase and cellobiase were significantly increased (p<0.05), while concentrations of propionate and valerate were significantly decreased (p<0.05). Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the relative abundance of rumen bacteria Christensenellaceae R7 group, Saccharofermentans, and Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group were significantly increased, while Ruminococcus gauvreauii group, Prevotella 7 were significantly decreased (p<0.05). The relative abundance of the fungus Pseudomonas significantly increased, while Basidiomycota, Fusarium, and Alternaria significantly decreased (p<0.05). However, there was no significant change in the community structure of methanogenic archaea. Conclusion: Supplementation of hydroethanolic extract of WGH to a high-concentrate diet improved the ruminal fermentation, altered the structure of ruminal bacterial and fungal communities, and exhibited beneficial effects in alleviating subacute rumen acidosis of sheep.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 1986

Pleurotus ostreatus로 부터 휘발성 향기 성분을 분리한 다음 GC 및 GC/MS를 이용하여 성분을 화인하고, 마쇄 후 시간 경과에 따른 휘발성 향기 성분 및 지방산 변화를 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 분리된 향기 성분은 버섯 고유의 향(香)을 지니고 있었고 수율(收率)은 123 ppm이었다. 2. 분리 확인된 27종의 성분 중 비교적 많이 함유된 성분은 약 67%의 1-octen-3-ol을 포함하여 3-octanone, 3-octanol, 2-octenol 및 2, 4-decadienal이었으며 $C_8$화합물이 전체량의 약 80%를 차지하였다. 3. 버섯을 마쇄 후 시간 경과에 따라 n-hexanol, 3-octanol, 1-octen-3-ol 등의 alcohol 류는 증가하였으나 n-hexanal, 1-octen-3-one 등의 aldehyde 및 ketone 류는 감소하였으며 전체 지방산에 대한 불포화 지방산의 비율도 감소하는 경향이었다. 4. 버섯에 linoleic acid와 linolenic acid를 각각 첨가하여 마쇄했을 때 향기 성분 중에서 $C_6{\sim}C_{10}$화합물이 차지하는 비율도 증가하였는데 linolenic acid보다는 linoleic acid를 첨가했을 때 더 많이 증가하였다.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.77-87
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• 2010

Traditional simultaneous distillation extraction(SDE) and solid-phase micro extraction(SPME) methods using GC/MS were compared for their effectiveness in the extraction of volatile flavor compounds from different tobacco leaves types(flue-cured, burley, oriental). The major volatile flavor compounds of flue-cured and burley tobacco were similar such as neophytadiene, solanone, megastigmatrienone isomers, ${\beta}$-damascenone and ${\beta}$-ionone. On the other hand, volatile flavor compounds such as norambreinolide, sclareolide were specifically identified in oriental tobacco. Each method was used to evaluate the responses of some analytes from real samples and standards in order to provide sensitivity comparisons between two techniques. Among three types of SPME fibers such as PDMS(Polydimethylsiloxane), PA(Polyacrylate) and PDMS/DVB (Polydimethylsiloxane/Divinylbenzene) which were investigated to determine the selectivity and adsorption efficiency, PDMS/DVB fiber was selected for the extractions of the volatile flavor compounds due to its effectiveness. The qualitative analysis showed that the total amount of volatile flavor compounds in SDE method(130 species) was much more than that in SPME method(85 species). SPME method was more efficient for all the highly volatile compounds than SDE method, but on the other hand, low-volatile compounds such as fatty acids or high-molecular hydrocabons were detected in SDE method. SPME method based on a short-time sampling can be adjusted to favor a selected group compounds in tobacco. Furthermore this results could be used to estimate the aroma characteristics of cigarette blending by using a different type of tobacco with more effectiveness and convenience.