• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2015

Purpose $^{99m}Tc-DMSA$ renal scintigraphy serves as location, size and shape of kidney, so it has been used for diagnosis and passage observation after the operation or treatment. There are 3 methods of calculating the relative renal uptake ratio such as geometric mean of the counts from the anterior and posterior views, arithmetical mean from the only posterior view and posterior view which applied the renal depths. In this study, we seek to correlation between the change of total relative uptake ratio according to different inspection methods of obtaining the renal count rate. Materials and Methods The phantom experiments proceeded 5 times depending on each renal depth with the kidney phantom and tissue equivalent materials. In the clinical research, we investigated 36 adult patients who had visited our hospital from february to october, 2014 and received $^{99m}Tc-DMSA$ renal scan. The equipment was used as a gamma camera named INFINIA (General Electric Healthcare, milwaukee, USA) and we drew the region of interests through semiautomatic method by using Xeleris Ver. 2.1220 of GE. In addition, we obtained the lateral view of kidney to measure the renal depth of each patient. Then the results were compared with 3 methods of calculating relative renal uptake ratio. Results The phantom studies show when the difference between the left ant right kidney depth were less than 1 cm, there were no statistically significant difference among values calculated through anterior and posterior views and only posterior view (P>0.05), while the excess of 1cm, the results showed a statistically significant change in the value (P<0.05). In case of clinical research, the correlation between total relative uptake ratio by obtaining both sides of image and posterior view applied the kidney depth (r=0.999) was higher than by obtaining only posterior view and applying the kidney depth to one side image (r=0.988). Conclusion This study has found that, the difference of calculating total relative uptake ratio compared with obtaining anterior and posterior views and only posterior view. In order to reduce the error, we recommend the method of obtaining anterior and posterior views and is considered to be useful, particularly the patients have similar uptake ratio of left and right kidney and difficulties of measurements of kidney depth.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 2004

This pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of combined micronutrient application($T_1$; control, $T_2$; Fe, $T_3$; Fe+Mn, $T_4$; Fe+Mn+Cu, $T_5$ ; Fe+Mn+Cu+Zn, $T_6$ ; Fe+Mn+Cu+Zn+Mo, T$_{7}$; Fe+Mn+Cu+Zn + Mo + B) on forage performance of pure and mixed cultures of orchardgrass and white clover. The fifth part was concerned with the changes in the total and relative contents, uptake amounts, and mutual ratios. of micronutrients in forages. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The relative contents(total contents of 6 micronutrients = 100%) of Fe and Mn were considerably influenced by the antagonism between Fe and Mn, and also were influenced by the differences in Mn-absorption between orchardgrass and white clover. Compared with pure culture, orchardgrass showed high relative contents of Mn, and low relative contents of Fe and B in mixed culture. White clover, however, tended to be exactly opposed to the above trends. In relative contents, the T$_6$ 6/ resulted generally in decrease of Fe. However the $T_7$ resulted in increase of Mn and B. In addition, the $T_7$ resulted in decrease of Cu and Zn in orchardgrass, and Mo in white clover. 2. In general, there were differences in the tendency between the yield changes and the uptake amounts of micronutrients. General differences have been showed in the uptake amounts and mutual ratios of micronutrients based on the forage species, pure/mixed culture, additional fertilization, and antagonism. The uptake amounts of total micronutrients were generally increased by the treatments with increased combination. In uptake amounts, the $T_7$ resulted in the increase of Mn and B, and decrease of Mo. 3. The mutual ratios of Fe/Mn, Fe/Cu, and Mn/Cu were considerably influenced by the antagonism between Fe and Mn. At the $T_7$ , very low ratio of Fe/Mo affected by the T6 tended to be somewhat improved because of the decrease of Mo content． The poor growth of forages at the $T_6$ was improved by the $T_7$ . This fact was likely to be caused by the adequate B/Mo ratio.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.119-127
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• 2008

A total of 41 microsatellite markers were used with 29 genotypes to examine the relationship between SSR polymorphisms and N-use efficiency related traits with a goal to identify the putative QTLs related to these traits. These primers yielded a total of 183 alleles (average 4.46 alleles per primer), and polymorphism information content (PIC) values of the SSRs ranged from 0.119 to 0.805 with mean value of 0.425. Correlation coefficients were obtained among the four N-use efficiency traits in the 34 accessions and significant positive correlations of relative ratios between grain yield and harvest index (r=0.3404) and total dry matter (r=0.7976), while N uptake showed a moderate level of correlation with the ratios of the grain yield and total dry matter, respectively. 36.5% (15/41) SSR markers were monomorphic among the 25 japonica accessions out of the 29 accessions. Association between SSR genotypes and phenotypic performances from the total (29) or japonica (25) accessions was tested based on a single point analysis. Three putative QTL regions were detected for the ratio of grain yield. These include the chromosomal region containing the RM283 locus on chromosome 1 and RM25 on chromosome 8 (all and japonica accessions) and the region with the SSR marker, RM206 on chromosome 11 (the japonica accessions). For the total dry matter ratio, two chromosomal regions were identified as the putative QTL region. One is the region with the SSR marker, RM162 on chromosome 6 (all and japonica accessions) and the other was the one with the SSR marker RM25 on chromosome 8 (the japonica accessions). Among these markers, RM25 showed associations with both traits.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.2449-2453
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• 2007

L-[18F]FMAU ([18F]1b) was prepared from the precursor 2-O-[(trifluoromethyl)-sulfonyl]-1,3,5-tri-Obenzoyl- α-L-ribofuranose, by coupling the radioactive fluoro-sugar with the corresponding silylated thymine in 4 steps. The final products, including the α and β anomers, were purified using reverse phase HPLC with an appropriate solvent (5% CH3CN/H2O) at a flow rate of 3.0 mL/min. The total elapsed time of synthesis was about 180-200 min from EOB. The α/β anomeric ratio of the compounds was about 1:9, and the radiochemical purity of the product (β-form) was >98% with decay-corrected yields of 25-35%. All radioactive samples were confirmed using co-injection with pure non-radioactive analogues in every step. In the cellular uptake in vitro test of herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (HSV1-TK) gene expressed cells, the percent uptake of injected dose (%ID) of L- and D-FMAU was 37.28 and 65.86, respectively after 240 min incubation. However, the relative uptake (MCA-TK/MCA cellular uptake ratio) of L-FMAU was higher than that of D-FMAU (%ID of L-FMAU, 0.36 and D-FMAU, 0.93 after 240 min incubation in MCA cells). This means that L-FMAU will show better specific HSV1-TK gene expressed cell uptake for selective HSV1-TK gene imaging.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.371-377
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• 2009

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of different dietary ratios of whole-crop corn silage and alfalfa hay on nitrogen (N) digestion, duodenal flow and metabolism across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) of growing beef steers, and to elucidate their relationships. Four steers (236${\pm}$7 kg BW) fitted with duodenal cannulae and chronic indwelling catheters into the portal and mesenteric veins and abdominal aorta were used in a 4${\times}$4 Latin square design. Animals were fed (at 12-h intervals) the 4 diets consisting of whole-crop corn silage (C) and alfalfa hay (A) in 80:20 (C8A2), 60:40 (C6A4), 40:60 (C4A6) and 20:80 (C2A8) ratios of which dietary crude protein (CP) was 10.5, 12.0, 13.5 and 15.0% of dry matter (DM), respectively. Feeding level was restricted to 95% of ad libitum intake to measure N digestion, blood flow and net flux of N across the PDV. Digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber and digestible energy intake linearly increased as the ratio of alfalfa hay increased. The N intake, duodenal flow and intestinal disappearance increased linearly with increasing alfalfa hay. Arterial and portal concentrations of ${\alpha}$-amino N showed a quadratic response to increasing levels of alfalfa hay and were the highest in steers fed the C6A4 diet. The net PDV release of ${\alpha}$-amino N and ammonia N increased linearly with increasing alfalfa hay, but urea N uptake by PDV did not differ among diets. As a percentage of apparently digested N in the total gut, net PDV release of ${\alpha}$-amino N linearly decreased from 66 to 48% with increasing alfalfa hay. Conversely, net PDV recovery of ${\alpha}$-amino N to intestinal N disappearance varied with increasing alfalfa hay accounting for 49, 50, 58 and 61% on C8A2, C6A4, C4A6 and C2A8 diets, respectively. Net PDV uptake of urea N, relative to apparently digested N, linearly decreased from 81 to 25% as alfalfa hay increased from 20 to 80% of DM intake. Considering PDV uptake of urea N, microbial efficiency and conversion of total tract digested N to PDV ${\alpha}$-amino N net supply, a diet consisting of 80% whole-crop corn silage and 20% alfalfa hay (10.5% CP) was the best, while considering the quantities of intestinal N disappearance and ${\alpha}$-amino N absorption, a diet of 20% whole-crop corn silage and 80% alfalfa hay (15% CP) would be preferred. The proportion of ${\alpha}$-amino N recovered by PDV relative to the intestinal N disappearance may vary with energy intake level of mixed forage diets.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.219-231
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• 2016

$^{99m}Tc$-DMSA planar scan that can analyze the functions of kidney quantitatively provides less information on a lesion than tomography scanning. Therefore, this study applied a high sensitivity all-purpose collimator that is sensitive to photonic signals to $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA and carried out a clinical scan with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). And diagnostic accuracy and time requirement of were analyzed to know the clinical usefulness of the applied scanning method. 10 subjects were intravenously injected with radiopharmaceutical product (1.0-1.2 MBq/kg) and scanned by a gamma camera with planar scanner (high resolution (HR)-mode, $256{\times}256$, 50 kcts/view, 4 image) and SPECT (HR / high sensitive (HS)-mode, $128{\times}128$, step and shoot, $180^{\circ}$, variable sec/angle, total 64 frame, OSEM reconstruction), respectively. The collected data was compared with an analysis program. The results showed that HS-mode SPECT detected total counts 1.8-5.6 times more than planar scan. Relative renal function evaluated based on the counts was not significantly different by two scanning methods (p=0.96) and it turned out that test time was shortened by 39% when HS-mode SPECT was used. Therefore, SPECT using HR, HS-mode collimator could analyze renal function more quantitatively than using planar scan and the former could diagnose the location information of a lesion more accurately than the latter as well as shortened test time requirement, which demonstrated the clinical usefulness of $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal SPECT using high sensitivity all purpose collimator.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.155-158
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• 2010

Purpose: $^{99m}Tc$-macroaggregated albumin (MAA) hepatic arterial perfusion scintigraphy was known for useful method to evaluate patients receiving intraarterial chemotherapy for liver cancer. This study evaluate about usefulness of normal liver on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from HCC patients. This study is to see the usefullness of Hepatic Arterial Perfusion Scintigraphy (HAPS) by measuring mass size, shape, lung shunting and tumor to normal ratio (T/N ratio) in relative blood stream of HCC patients compared with HCC on normal liver. Materials and Methods: From June 2009 to September 2009, HAPS studies were performed on 7 patients (men 6, women 1, mean 64) who were diagnosed HCC. HAPS was performed after proper hepatic artery $^{99m}Tc$-MAA of 5 mCi (185 MBq) injection by catheter. We performed anterior, posterior, both lateral view, SPECT of chest and abdomen. Then we set up ROI and calculated lung shunting, T/N ratio for each count, count/pixel (mean value). Results: Tumor and liver size analyzed by ROI of anterior, posterior view are 2.0-10.8 cm (mean 3.75 cm), 8.8-18.5 cm (mean 14.6 cm). T/N ratio analyzed by total tumor and total normal mean value are 2.41-5.76 (mean 3.8). lung shunting analyzed by total liver count is 3.14-13.92% (mean 6.77%). Conclusion: HAPS with $^{99m}Tc$-MAA can evaluate mass size, location, quantitative analysis through T/N ratio. also HAPS can evaluate detection of arteriovenous shunt through lung uptake before radioisotope therapy. Therefore HAPS with $^{99m}Tc$-MAA can be useful method in aspect of evaluation and treatment of HCC.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.626-635
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• 2005

Liposome as a carrier of topotecan (TPT), a promising anticancer drug, has been reported in attempt to improve the stability and antitumor activity of TPT. However, the biodistr ibution pattern of TPT liposome in vivo and PEG-modified liposome containing TPT have not been studied systemically. In this paper, the in vitro stability and in vivo biodistribution behavior of several liposomes containing TPT with different lipid compositions and PEG-modification were studied. Compared with the 'fluid' liposome (S-Lip) composed of soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC), the 'solid' liposome (H-Lip) composed of hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine HSPC decreased the leaking efficiency of TPT from liposome and enhanced the stability of liposome in fetal bovine serum (FBS) or human blood plasma (HBP). The results of biodistribution studies in S$_{180}$ tumor-bearing mice showed that liposomal encapsulation increased the concentrations of total TPT and the ratio of lactone form in plasma. Compared with free TPT, S-Lip and H-Lip resulted in 5- and 19- fold increase in the area under the curve (AUC$_{0\rightarrow\propto}$), respectively. PEG- modified H-Lip (H-PEG) showed 3.7-fold increase in AUC$_{0\rightarrow\propto}$ compared with H-Lip, but there was no significant increase in t$_{1/2}$ and AUC$_{0\rightarrow\propto}$ for PEG-modified S-Lip (S-PEG) compared with S-Lip. Moreover, the liposomal encapsulation changed the biodistribution behavior, and H-Lip and H-PEG dramatically increased the accumulation of TPT in tumor, and the relative tumor uptake ratios were 3.4 and 4.3 compared with free drug, respectively. There was also a marked increase in the distribution of TPT in lung when the drug was encapsulated into H-Lip and H-PEG. Moreover, H-PEG decreased the accumulation of TPT in bore marrow compared with unmodified H-Lip. All these results indicated that the membrane fluidity of liposome has an important effect on in vitro stability and in vivo biodistribution pattern of liposomes containing TPT, and PEG-modified 'solid' liposome may be an efficient carrier of TPT.