• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.11
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• pp.1267-1272
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• 2009

Purpose:We examined the ability of preschool aged children to meet the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Resiratory Society (ERS) goals for spirometry quality and tried to find out the major factor for improving the rate of success of spiromety test in this age group. Methods:Spirometry was performed in 2-6 aged 155 children with chronic cough or suspicious asthma with the recording of maneuver quality measures of forced expiratory time, end-of-test volume, back-extrapolated volume (Vbe), and forced vital capacity (FVC), as well as flow-volume curve. The subjects were tested several times and the two best results in each subject were selected. All criteria for quality control were suggested by ATS/ERS guidelines. The criteria for starting of the test was Vbe <80 mL and Vbe/FVC <12.5%. The criteria for repeatability of the test was that second highest FVC and FEV1 are within 100 ml or 10% of the highest value, whichever is greater. For the criteria for termination of the test for preschool aged children, we evaluated the flow-volume curve Results:As getting older, the success rate of spirometry increased and rapidly increased after 3 years old. Total success rate of the test was 59.4% (2 years old - 14.3%, 3 years old - 53.7%, 4 years old - 65.1%, 5 years old - 69.7%, 6 years old- 70.8%). The percentage of failure to meet the criteria for starting the test was 6.5%, repeatability of the test was 12.3% and end of the test was 31%. There was a significant difference only in age between success group and failure group. Evaluating the quality control criteria of previous studies, the success rate increased with age. Conclusion:About 60% of preschool aged children met ATS/ERS goals for spirometry test performance and the success rate was highly correlated with age. It is clearly needed that developing more feasible and suitable criteria for quality control of spirometry test in preschool aged children.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.100-100
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• 2003

양식 산업에 있어 사육 생물의 빠른 성장은 가장 요구되는 특성이다. 특히, 선발육종을 통한 성장 개선은 사료의 효율적 이용과 연관되어 있으며, 균형 잡힌 단백질 대사 등을 통해 이루어진다. 대부분의 경골어류는 단백질 대사의 마지막 부산물로 암모니아를 생성하여 배설하며, 이를 통한 사료 내 단백질의 효율적 이용성을 비교하는 척도로 제시되어 왔다(Ming, 1985). 따라서 본 실험에서는 한국해양연구원에서 선발육종 해 온 참돔과 일본 양식산 참돔 및 이들의 교배 자손들을 대상으로 일간 먹이 공급, 절식 그리고 1회 만복 공급에 따른 암모니아성 질소 배설률을 조사하였으며, 일간 먹이 공급에 따른 각 교배 자손들의 분 배출 특성을 알아보았다. 실험어는 일본 양식산인 JPN 교배구 자손과 한국해양연구원 선발육종산인 KORDI F4 교배구 자손, 그리고 JPN$\times$KORDI F4♂ 교배구 자손을 대상으로 실시하였다. 체중이 각각 17.1$\pm$0.1 g (JPN 교배구; 그룹 1), 17.7$\pm$0.1 g (JPN♀$\times$KORDI F4♂; 그룹 2), 21.5$\pm$0.1 g (KORDI F4; 그룹 3)인 참돔 치어를 각각 15마리씩 3반복 수용하여 실험에 이용하였다. 실험어는 지름이 33 cm이고 높이가 34 cm인 둥근 투명 플라스틱 수조에 수용하고 분 수집기인 TUF column (passing effluent water through a special test tube) system을 이용 어체중의 3%에 해당하는 사료 량을 일간 세 번에 나누어 동일량을, 09시부터 17시까지 4시간 간격으로 공급한 14일째에 일간 먹이 공급에 따른 24시간 동안의 참돔 종간 잡종 치어의 총암모니아성 질소(total ammonia nitrogen, TAN) 배설률 및 분 배출률을 조사하였다. 이 조사가 끝난 후 3일간 절식시킨 다음 내인성 암모니아성 질소 배설을 조사하였으며, 이어서 1회 만복 사료 공급한 다음 이에 따른 암모니아성 질소 배설 경향을 알아보았다. 일간 먹이 공급에 따른 각 실험구의 암모니아 배설은 세 가지 계통 참돔치어 모두 먹이 섭취 후 암모니아 배설로 인한 TAN 농도가 지속적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 시간당 TAN 배설률을 적분한 결과, 그룹 1과 2 그리고 3의 일간 TAN 배설률은 각각 637.3$\pm$36.5 mg/kg fish/day, 684.3$\pm$18.5 mg/kg fish/day 그리고 772.8$\pm$17.3 mg/kg fish/day로 나타나 그룹 3의 일간 TAN 배설률이 가장 높은 결과를 보였다. 3일간 절식 후 그룹 1, 2, 그리고 2의 TAN 배설률은 각각 8.08~14.15 mg/kg fish/hr, 6.50~12.20 mg/kg fish/hr, 그리고 6.67~8.60 mg/kg fish/hr의 범위를 보여 거의 일정한 농도로 나타났다. 시간당 TAN 배설률을 적분한 결과, 그룹 1, 2 그리고 3의 일간 TAN 배설률은 각각 286.9$\pm$28.3 mg/kg fish/day, 215.7$\pm$5.5 mg/kg fish/day 그리고 179.3$\pm$7,7 mg/kg fish/day로 나타나 먹이 공급과는 달리 내인성 TAN 배설의 경우 그룹 1의 배설률이 가장 높은 결과를 보였다. 1회 만복 먹이 공급에 따른 TAN 배설 경향은 그룹 1과 2의 TAN 배설률은 먹이 공급 6시간 후 가장 높은 값인 44.19$\pm$2.90 mg/kg fish/hr와 41.70$\pm$1.40 mg/kg fish/hr을 보였고, 그룹 3에서는 4시간 후에 가장 높은 값인 31.23$\pm$1.39 mg/kg fish/day로 나타났다. 일간 먹이 공급에 따른 각 실험구의 총 분 배출량은 그룹 1의 경우 총 분 배출량은 2.17$\pm$0.1 g/kg fish와 91.15$\pm$4.53 g/kg feed로 나타났고, 그룹 2에서는 2.26$\pm$0.14 g/kg fish와 95.02$\pm$3.18 g/kg feed, 그룹 3에서는 2.81$\pm$0.73 g/kg fish와 132.85$\pm$34.0 g/kg feed로 나타나 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았으나(P>0.05), 그룹 3의 배출 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 시간 경과에 따른 분 배출 비율은 그룹 1의 경우 먹이 공급 24시간 후 총 분의 60.6%를 보여 반면, 그룹 2와 3에서는 각각 67.8%와 77.8%를 보여 그룹 1이 다른 그룹에 비해 분 배출 비율이 낮은 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.337-347
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• 2007

An embedded system is called a multi-mode embedded system if it performs multiple applications by dynamically reconfiguring the system functionality. Further, the embedded system is called a multi-mode multi-task embedded system if it additionally supports multiple tasks to be executed in a mode. In this Paper, we address a HW/SW partitioning problem, that is, HW/SW partitioning of multi-mode multi-task embedded applications with timing constraints of tasks. The objective of the optimization problem is to find a minimal total system cost of allocation/mapping of processing resources to functional modules in tasks together with a schedule that satisfies the timing constraints. The key success of solving the problem is closely related to the degree of the amount of utilization of the potential parallelism among the executions of modules. However, due to an inherently excessively large search space of the parallelism, and to make the task of schedulabilty analysis easy, the prior HW/SW partitioning methods have not been able to fully exploit the potential parallel execution of modules. To overcome the limitation, we propose a set of comprehensive HW/SW partitioning techniques which solve the three subproblems of the partitioning problem simultaneously: (1) allocation of processing resources, (2) mapping the processing resources to the modules in tasks, and (3) determining an execution schedule of modules. Specifically, based on a precise measurement on the parallel execution and schedulability of modules, we develop a stepwise refinement partitioning technique for single-mode multi-task applications. The proposed techniques is then extended to solve the HW/SW partitioning problem of multi-mode multi-task applications. From experiments with a set of real-life applications, it is shown that the proposed techniques are able to reduce the implementation cost by 19.0% and 17.0% for single- and multi-mode multi-task applications over that by the conventional method, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.535-542
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• 2010

This study was carried out to examine anthropometric parameters and related habits in female college students. Mean age, height, and body weight of the subjects in total (n=212) were 20.7 yrs, 161.8 cm, and 53.5 kg, respectively. Anthropometric parameters were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Mean degree of obesity, body mass index (BMI), and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were 98.4%, $20.6\;kg/m^2$, and 0.80 respectively. Surprisingly, 63.7% of the subjects showed unbalanced weak upper bodies compared to their lower bodies. Therefore, they were divided into two groups: unbalanced weak upper body group (UU, n=135) and balanced upper body groups (BU, n=77). Bodyweight, degree of obesity, BMI, and WHR in the UU group were significantly lower than those in the BU group. Amounts of body protein, body fat, and body mineral in the UU group were also significantly lower than those of the BU group. Mid-arm muscle circumference of the UU group ($18.5{\pm}0.8\;cm$) was significantly lower than those of BU group ($20.4{\pm}1.2\;cm$), although mid-arm circumference of the UU group was not significantly different compared to those of the BU group. On a questionnaire on exercise habits, 1.5% of the UU group and 7.8% of the BU group answered that they exercised regularly, and 55.5% of the UU group and 31.2% of the BU group reported that they never exercised (p<0.01). Even in the subjects who exercised, the duration of the exercise was not sufficient because 38.4% of the UU group and 35.8% of the BU group answered that they exercised for less than 30 min. In conclusion, interventions in exercise habits may be needed for female college students who have unbalanced weak upper bodies.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.4 s.105
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• pp.455-462
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• 2003

This study evaluated the change of water quality and chlorophyll - a at the birth stage of a large reclaimed estuarine lake (Lake Hwaong) of which the dike was finally constructed in March, 2002. Physico -chemical parameters and chlorophyll - a were investigated along a longitudinal transect, including 3 in-lake sites and 1 out-lake site from June to November, 2002. Salinity at all in-lake sites was over 21 psu during the study period, indicating that lake is still in the seawater phase. Salinity was periodically diluted at times when precipitation was high, especially in August. Chemocline was established in July near the dam site, and correspondingly vertical profile of dissolved oxygen was very clear during that Period. Total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations at all lake sites were in the eutrophic range, and they were especially high at the stream inlet site. Nutrients concentration was not much varied vertically but significantly varied temporally, and correlated significantly with precipitation and chlorophyll-a concentration, indicating that inflowing water from the watershed seemed not to improve lake water by dilution but cause eutrophication of the lake, and thereby stimulate phytoplankton development. Based on the analyses of nutrient ratio (N/P) and trophic state deviation, both phosphorus and nitrogen appeared to limit phytoplankton growth in the lake. Phosphorus limitation appeared to be probable at all in-lake sites with being most severe at the stream inlet site. Nitrogen limitation seemed to occur at both in-lake and out-lake sites. These results indicate that in Lake Hwaong experiencing the very early stage of a reclaiming lake, water quality and phytoplankton development appear to be affect-ed largely by salinity and hydrology and nutrients from the inflowing water. Lake biogeochemistry is still very unstable, and thus further long-term study is necessary to understand the effects of seawater to freshwater conversion on lake biology and water chemistry.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2013

Collection of weeds were done in 3 remodeled paddy fields located in different districts with different soil moisture conditions such as Samolpo district (14.6%), Gimhae (9.8%) and Chilhyun (5.6%). Remodeled paddy fields composed of 62 plant species belonging to 23 families. Among 23 families, Compositae was the largest family with 11 species belonged to (17.7%) followed by Poaceae with 9 species (14.5%), Leguminosae with 8 species (12.9%), Cyperaceae with 7 species (11.3%), and Polygonaceae with 5 species (8.1%). Summed dominance ratio of each species based on number, coverage, frequency, and plant height in Samolpo district was Echinochloa oryzoides (100%) > Cyperus difformis (9.0%) > Bidens frondosa (5.3%) > Panicum dichotomiflorum (4.8%) > Eclipta prostrata (4.4%). In Gimhae; Digitaria ciliaris (100%) > Panicum dichotomiflorum (49.4%) > Echinochloa oryzoides (48.8%) > Persicaria hydropiper (27.1%) > Chenopodium ficifolium (10.2%), and in Chilhyun were Panicum dichotomiflorum (90.8%) > Digitaria ciliaris (66.7%) > Cyperus iria (8.6%) > Bidens frondosa (7.6%). Total dry weight of weeds recorded was 535.4 g $m^{-2}$, 316.1 g $m^{-2}$ and 346.2 g $m^{-2}$ in Samolpo, Gimhae and Chilhyun districts, respectively. Simpson's index was calculated to 0.09~0.28, which showed that weed occurrence in remodeled paddy fields with different soil moistures varied.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.53-53
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• 2015

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation(ATMT) of Flammulina velutipes was used to produce a diverse number of transformants to discover the functions of gene that is vital for its variation color, spore pattern and cellulolytic activity. Futhermore, the transformant pool will be used as a good genetic resource for studying gene functions. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was conducted in order to generate intentional mutants of F. velutipes strain KACC42777. Then Agrobacterium tumefaciens AGL-1 harboring pBGgHg was transformed into F. velutipes. This method is use to determine the functional gene of F. velutipes. Inverse PCR was used to insert T-DNA into the tagged chromosomal DNA segments and conducting sequence analysis of the F. velutipes. But this experiment had trouble in diverse morphological mutants because of dikaryotic nature of mushroom. It needed to make monokaryotic fruiting varients which introduced genes of compatible mating types. In this study, next generation sequencing data was generated from 28 strains of Flammulina velutipes with different phenotypes using Illumina Hiseq platform. Filtered short reads were initially aligned to the reference genome (KACC42780) to construct a SNP matrix. And then we built a phylogenetic tree based on the validated SNPs. The inferred tree represented that white- and brown- fruitbody forming strains were generally separated although three brown strains, 4103, 4028, and 4195, were grouped with white ones. This topological relationship was consistently reappeared even when we used randomly selected SNPs. Group I containing 4062, 4148, and 4195 strains and group II containing 4188, 4190, and 4194 strains formed early-divergent lineages with robust nodal supports, suggesting that they are independent groups from the members in main clades. To elucidate the distinction between white-fruitbody forming strains isolated from Korea and Japan, phylogenetic analysis was performed using their SNP data with group I members as outgroup. However, no significant genetic variation was noticed in this study. A total of 28 strains of Flammulina velutipes were analyzed to identify the genomic regions responsible for producing white-fruiting body. NGS data was yielded by using Illumina Hiseq platform. Short reads were filtered by quality score and read length were mapped on the reference genome (KACC42780). Between the white- and brown fruitbody forming strains. There is a high possibility that SNPs can be detected among the white strains as homozygous because white phenotype is recessive in F. velutipes. Thus, we constructed SNP matrix within 8 white strains. SNPs discovered between mono3 and mono19, the parental monokaryotic strains of 4210 strain (white), were excluded from the candidate. If the genotypes of SNPs detected between white and brown strains were identical with those in mono3 and mono19 strains, they were included in candidate as a priority. As a result, if more than 5 candidates SNPs were localized in single gene, we regarded as they are possibly related to the white color. In F. velutipes genome, chr01, chr04, chr07,chr11 regions were identified to be associated with white fruitbody forming. White and Brown Fruitbody strains can be used as an identification marker for F. veluipes. We can develop some molecular markers to identify colored strains and discriminate national white varieties against Japanese ones.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.194-206
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• 1989

Seasonal variations of nutrients (ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and silicate), primary productivity and ammonium regeneration rate of macrozooplankton were investigate to understand the relationship between nitrogen recycling and nitrogen requirement by phytoplankton from Feburuary 1986 to November 1987 in the Kyunggi Bay, shallow estuarine water of Yellow Sea. In general, nutrients increased during the winter and depleted during the spring and the early summer except temporally sharp increase after flood in September. Ammonium was prevalently generally found in high concentration throughout the study area and it occasionally raised N/P ratio in the range of 30 to 70 as in the freshwater environment. Daily net primary productivity ranged from 30.3 to 3580.0 mgC/$m^2$/d with an average of 883.9 mgC/$m^2$/d. Annual primary productivity was determined to be 320.0 gC/$m^2$/yr. Carbon assimilation number ranged from 2.9 to 19.4 mgC/mg chl-a/h which increased in the summer and decreased in the winter. Nitrogen requirement by phytoplankton ranged from 0.4 to 45.0 mg at-N/$m^2$/d and turnover time of inorganic nitrogen ranged from 2.4 in the late summer to 122.7 days in the winter. Nitrogen regeneration rate of mixed macrozooplankton determined by bottle incubation method ranged from 0.02 to 1.34 mg at-N $m^2$/d and it could contribute from 2.8 to 38.7% with an annual average of 14.9% of total nitrogen requirement by phytoplankton in this shallow estuarine environment.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2012

Introduction: This study was conducted to evaluate ssrA expression resulting from adaptation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) to oral pathogens through signal exchange. Materials and Methods: Human cell lines Hep2 and HT29, wild-type E. coli (WT K-12), ssrA knock-out E. coli (${\Delta}K$-12), and Scleropages aureus (S. aureus) were used. A single culture consisting of Hep2, HT29, WT K-12, and ${\Delta}K$-12, and mixed cultures consisting of Hep2 and WT K-12, Hep2 and ${\Delta}K$-12, WT K-12 and S. aureus, ${\Delta}K$-12 and S. aureus, and Hep2, WT K-12, and S. aureus were prepared. For HT29, a mixed culture was prepared with WT K-12 and with WT K-12 and S. aureus. Total RNA was extracted from each culture with the resulting expression of ssrA, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-${\kappa}B$), and p53 was evaluated by Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: The expression of ssrA in a single culture of WT K-12 was lower than that observed in the mixed culture of WT K-12 with S. aureus. Greater ssrA expression was observed in the mixed culture of WT K-12 with Hep2 than in the single culture of WT K-12. The expression of NF-${\kappa}B$ was higher in the mixed culture of Hep2 with ${\Delta}K$-12 than that in the mixed culture of Hep2 with WT K-12, and was lowest in the single culture of Hep2. The expression of ssrA was higher in the mixed culture of WT K-12 with Hep2 and S. aureus than in the mixed culture of WT K-12 with Hep2. Conclusion: These results suggest that ssrA plays an important role in the mechanism of E. coli adaptation to a new environment.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.323-331
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Liquid pig manure(LPM) is a useful resource if it is sufficiently fermented and utilized in the agriculture; it provides nutrients to soils, circulates organic materials and replaces chemical fertilizers(CF) with reasonable costs. Currently, there are not many trials in paddy field to continuously cultivate the crops in winter and summer season using LPM. METHODS AND RESULTS: When cultivating winter forage crops (Whole-crop-barley(WCB), Rye, Triticale, Italian ryegrass(IRG)) and summer feed corns in the rice field, CF was treated with $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$(winter forage crops: 120-100-100kg/ha, summer feed corn: 200-150-150 kg/ha), and subsequently, growth, yields, feed values and chemical properties of soil were investigated. LPM-applied areas in both winter and summer forage crops showed higher plant lengths and tillers than those of CF-applied areas, but the yield in CF-applied areas was higher than that of LPM-applied areas under continuous application of 2 years. Crude protein, neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF) and total digestion nutrient(TDN) in feed values showed almost similar results between LPM and CF-applied areas. EC, organic matter, available phosphate and exchangeable cations of soils after the experiment increased in LPM applied areas, and especially, the contents of available phosphate and exchangeable sodium were high. CONCLUSION(S): Considering the above results, it was concluded that if LPM are properly utilized for continuous winter and summer cultivation of feed crops at paddy field, the cultivation costs could be decreased and be helpful to the stable production of domestic feeds.