• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.957-965
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• 2021

This research was carried out to investigate seed germination and growth of the perennial plant Apocynum lancifolium under different NaCl concentrations, with a view for future cultivation on reclaimed land. Initial characterization revealed that the average length and weight of A. lancifolium seed pods was 133.6 mm and 0.23 g, respectively, and the thousand-grain weight was 0.59 g. Upon examining the effects of light on seed germination, we found germination to be 1.7% higher under light conditions (90%) than under dark conditions (88.3%). In terms of the response to salt stress, we found that 90% of seeds germinated in the 0.00%, 0.25%, and 0.50% salt treatment groups. Although salt treatment up to a concentration of 0.5% was found to have little effect on seed germination, the rate of germination decreased at higher concentrations and was completely inhibited in the 2% treatment. We also established that germination rates were higher in seeds sown in horticultural topsoil than in the coarse sandy soil found in the plant's natural habitats. Although the growth of A. lancifolium tends to decrease with an increase in salt concentration, we found that the stem thickness, fresh weight, and dry weight of A. lancifolium seedlings subjected to 0.25%-1.0% salt were comparable to those of the control seedling that were not exposed to salt. Furthermore, in contrast to those plants subjected to 2.0% salt, these plants continued to grow and remained viable.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제60권6호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2018

Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been widely used to estimate potential soil loss because USLE is a simple and reliable method. The rainfall erosivity factor (R factor) explains rainfall characteristics. R factors, cited in the Bulletin on the Survey of the Erosion of Topsoil of the Ministry of Environment in the Republic of Korea, are too outdated to represent current rainfall patterns in the Republic of Korea. Rainfall datasets at one minute intervals from 2013 to 2017 were collected from fifty rainfall gauge stations to update R factors considering current rainfall condition. The updated R factors in this study were compared to the previous R factors which were calculated using the data from 1973 to 1996. The coefficient of determination between the updated and the previous R factors shows 0.374, which means the correlation is not significant. Therefore, it was concluded that the previous R factors might not explain current rainfall conditions. The other remarkable result was that regression equations using annual rainfall data might be inappropriate to estimate reasonable R factors because the correlation between annual rainfall and the R factors was generally unsatisfy.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.69-72
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• 2011

토양입단화는 토양의 물리적 화학적 그리고 생물학적인 변화를 일으키는 활발한 과정이다. 토양입단화를 통해서 생성된 토양공극은 토양에서 공기와 물의 순환을 증가시키는 역할을 하게 된다. 유기중합물이 토양입단 안정화에 대한 긍정적인 역할은 많은 연구결과에서 보고가 된 바 있다. 본 실험의 목적은 유기중합물이 토양입단화와 페레니얼 라이그래스의 성장에 미치는 영향에 대해서 알아보기 위해서 수행되었다. 유기중합물의 세가지 농도가 적용이 되었으며 실험을 위해 두가지 토양이 사용이 되었다. 첫번째 토양으로 4.0%의 유기물이 함유된 양토가 건조된 후 사용이 되었으며 두번째 토양으로 점토가 사용이 되었다. 유기중합물 처리에 따른 페레니얼 라이그래스의 색, 품질, 성장에 미치는 영향은 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 유기중합물이 토양입단화에는 토양의 종류에 따라 영향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 실험의 결과의 구체적인 실증을 위해서 필드 실험이 필요한 것으로 판단이 된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.317-324
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• 2001

Short-term effect of phosphogypsum on soil properties including acidification, salinity and metal availability were investigated under laboratory and field conditions. Phosphogypsum and mixtures of phosphogypsum and compost were added to soil and incubated in a laboratory condition with 15% moisture content. Phosphogypsum treatments were 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg soil and in the treatments of phosphogypsum and compost mixture 10 g of compost was added additionally. After the 30 days of incubation, an additional phosphogypsum and/or compost were added to the remaining soils at the same rates of the first treatments. pH, electrical conductivity, and available hazardous elements were measured periodically during the incubation. Field experiment was conducted in a plastic film house of mellon with four treatments of phosphogypsum and compost mixtures - 25+125, 50+125, 50+250 and 100+250 kg/165 $m^2$. pH, electrical conductivity, and hazardous elements in soil and total hazardous elements in leaf were measured. In the laboratory experiment, after 30 days of the first phosphogypsum application, soil pHs were lowered by 0.7-0.8 units. After the second treatment of phosphogypsum 0.2 units of additional acidification occurred. However, acidification was not observed in the soils treated with mixtures of phosphogypsum and compost. In the laboratory experiment, phosphogypsum treatments increased electrical conductivity very significantly. In field experiment, pH and electrical conductivity of soils treated with phosphogypsum were nearly the same as those of soil not treated with phosphogypsum. Since soil condition in the field study was an open system, the free acids and salts derived from phosphogypsum could be diffused down with water leaching through the soil profile and then any significant acidification or salt accumulation in the topsoil could not be observed. In both laboratory and field experiments, levels of available hazardous elements in soils treated with phosphogypsum were quite low and not different from the levels found in the control soil. Results obtained from this study suggest that application of phosphogypsum at appropriate rates on agricultural land appears of no concern in terms of acidity, salinity and hazardous element content of soil.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.19-31
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• 2016

The Saemangeum watershed is required to manage water pollution effectively but the effect of liquid manure (LM) on soil and water quality in the basin is not clearly identified as yet. This study aims at assessing the effect on soil of a rice field and water quality of water bodies near the rice field during rice-crop time period to find out the effect of LM, the effect of rainfall, and the effect of rice-crop environment on soil and water quality by analyzing data of nitrogen components. As a result of the LM distribution, $NO_3-N$ was much higher than other N components in the entire soil layers and it was accelerated by rainfall right after the LM distribution. Compared to chemical fertilizer (CF), LM was slightly affected but still influenced on the surface water quality. During weak rainfall, low nitrogen concentration in topsoil was resulted as NH3-N decreased and Org-N and $NO_3-N$ increased. $NO_3-N$ concentration in the water of irrigation canals increased with time. During intensive rainfall, $NO_3-N$ and Org-N of the soil were measured highly in the submerged condition, while the water quality of the rice field was lower due to flooding into the irrigation canal as well as the growth of the rice plants. Also, total nitrogen was increased more than 7 times and it showed serious water quality deterioration due to LM and excessive fertilizer distribution, and rainfall during all rice-crop processes. The effect of LM on water quality should be studied consistently to provide critical data while considering weather condition, cropping conditions, soil characteristics, and so on.

• 기술사
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.18-25
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• 1968

Higher yield in rice paddies is greatly dependent on adequately balanced and timely supply of water. A majority of rice paddy in Korea is generally irrigated by rainfall, but in many cases it has to be supplemented by artificial irrigation for optimum rice culture. Although the water requirement of rice plant is for higher Than that of athec crops, submerged condition of rice paddy is not Necessarily required. The moisture requirement of rice plant varies with its growing stages, and it is possible to increase the irrigation efficiency through reduction of water loss due to percolation in rice paddies. An experimental plots were set up by means of sandomized block design with three duplication; (a) All time submerged, (b) Economically controlled, and (c) Extremely controlled. Three different irrigation periods Were (a) Initial sage, (b) Inter-stage, and (c) Yast stage. The topsoil of the three plots were excavated to the depth of 30 cm and then compacted with clay of 6 cm thickness. There after, they were piled up with the excavated top soils, leveled and cored with clay of 6 cm thickness around footpath in order to prevent leakage. The results obtained from the experiments are as follows, 1. There is no difference among the three experiments plots in terms of physical and chemical conditions, soil properties, and other characteristics. 2. Culm length and ear length are not affected by different irrigation methods. 3. There is no difference in the mature rate and 1, 000 grain weight of rice for the three plots. 4. The control plot which was irrigated every three days shows an increased yield over the all the time submerged plot by 17.8 percent. 5. The clay lined plot whose water holding capacity was held 5 days long, needs only to be irrigated every 7 days. 6. The clay lined plot shows an increased yield over the untreated plot ; over all-the-time submerged plot by 18 percent ; extremely controlled plot by 18 percent, and economically controlled plot by 33 percent. 7. It may be saved in water requirement about one Thirds.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.72-105
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• 2011

본 연구는 전북 완주군 동상면 대아리 산1-2번지의 도유림인 속칭 가막골 금낭화군락지의 천연보호구역적 가치를 검토하는 한편 금낭화군락지의 적정 생육환경을 구명하고 이를 바탕으로 금낭화군락지의 보전을 위한 기초자료를 제공할 목적으로 시도 되었다. 이를 위해 문헌 및 인터넷조사를 통해 '금낭화의 형태적 생태적 특성'과 '국내 천연기념물 초본군락의 지정현황 및 문제점'을 살펴보는 한편 현지조사를 통해 금낭화군락의 광환경, 토양환경, 식생조건 등을 조사 분석하여 가막골 금낭화군락지의 천연보호구역적 가치를 파악하고자 한 연구 결과는 아래와 같다. 국내 금낭화 자생군락지를 분석한 결과, 금낭화는 전국의 산지에 고루 분포되고 있으며 이 중 완주 가막골 금낭화군락지의 서식규모는 매우 큰 것으로 나타났다. 또한 금낭화군락지 분포에 대한 문헌 및 현지조사 결과, 준고냉지에서 생육이 월등하며, 생육왕성기인 5월의 풍부한 강수량은 금낭화 생육에 매우 필수적인 것으로 보아 가막골 금낭화군락지는 매우 전형적 기상여건을 보이는 서식지라 판단된다. 한편 금낭화 고밀도분포 군락의 환경 분석 결과, 전석지(轉石地) 토양을 기반으로 고도 300~375m의 범위에 있었으며 평균고도는 344.5m이고 자생지의 좌향(坐向)은 북향 또는 북서향도 포함되나 북동향(NE)이 압도적이었으며 평균 경사는 $19.5^{\circ}$로 나타났다. 또한 광조건 분석 결과, 4월부터 8월까지 생육기간인 5개월간 군락 내 광도는 평균 30,810Lux 이었으며, 생육 초기에는 낮았고 후기로 갈수록 광도는 상승하는 경향이었다. 금낭화 자생조건은 4~5월 생육기에는 약 14,000~18,000Lux 정도의 광조건이었으며, 개화 이후에는 상대적으로 광도 증가와는 관련 없이 결실이 이루어지는 것으로 판단된다. 토양환경 분석 결과, 토양산도(pH)는 표토, 5.2~6.1, 심토, 5.2~6.2로 거의 유사한 범위를 보였으며 표토의 평균 토양pH는 5.54, 심토는 5.58로 이 조건은 비교대상 군락지와 거의 유사하고 전형성이 큰 것으로 추정됨에 따라 가막골의 토양 안정성은 매우 높다고 판단된다. 식생환경 분석 결과, 조사구별 금낭화의 개체수는 13~52개체까지 심한 편차를 보였으나 군락내 발견된 분류군(taxa)은 총 126종류로 순수군락을 유지하면서도 높은 종다양성이 확인되었다. 그리고 대아수목원 금낭화군락지는 금낭화, 미나리냉이, 거북꼬리, 이삭여귀, 물봉선 등이 우점하는 식물사회로 확인되었으며 군락내 식별종(Differential species)은 물봉선, 꼭두서니, 칡, 산딸기와 고추나무, 광대싸리, 개다래로 밝혀짐에 따라 지형 및 토양습도에 따라 전형적 하위군락으로 구분되는 것으로 판단된다. 이와 같은 결과를 종합할 때, 완주군 동상면 대아리 가막골 금낭화군락지는 탁월한 관상성을 가진 자생식물의 서식처임을 확인할 수 있고, 본 군락은 전국분포상의 금낭화 자생군락으로는 국내 최대 규모로 추정되며 기상 및 지형, 토양조건과 식생환경이 군락지의 지속적인 생육 환경을 보장할 수 있는 매우 탁월한 서식지로 판단된다. 따라서 전형적 서식조건과 지속가능성이 큰 가막골 금낭화군락은 당연히 천연보호구역적 가치가 매우 큰 것으로 사료된다.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.49-78
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• 1998

Nowadays, there are increasing demands of golf courses and it is necessary to make more golf courses than the present. To do this, we need to improve the environmental problems with the regional inhabitants, and it is said that the first thing to be considered in developing any golf course in Korea is to preserve the environment. In this context, the purpose of this study is to set forth several design factors to lessen the negative impacts which are accompanied with the development of golf courses. 1. The present conditions of golf courses in Korea Many new golf courses have come into being, particularly since the late 1980s, and now, in the year of 1997, over one hundred of golf courses are doing their business, yet the number of golf course is still less than required. So far, over a half of them have been made in the vicinity of Seoul on account of various reasons, and this has adversely affected on our natural environment. This unreasonable development of golf courses has caused serious water pollution, landslides and the other problems. Also, the topography of Korea is not good for golf courses. Although the demands of golf courses are increasing, the suitable sites for them are very limited, and therefore it is sometimes unavoidable to make golf courses on steep hills. Consequently, in designing golf courses in Korea, the most important thing is the balance between natural environment and artificial environment. 2.Eco-friendly golf course design factors 1) The concept of eco-friendly golf courses Ecologically sustainable and sound golf courses which are made by eco-friendly approaches 2)Basic conditions of eco-friendly golf courses (1)The most suitable sites (2) Conservation of existing ground as much as possible (3)Proper use of agricultural chemicals which have great impacts on the environment (4) Reasonable use of fertilizers (5) Developing a specialized fertilizer only for grass (6) Adaptation of organic agriculture (7) Improvement of grass sorts (8) Establishing reservoirs for purifying the water from golf courses 3) Eco-friendly golf courses (1) Location-Enough area /Gentle slope/Winding ground/Including lakes or streams /Not crossing wind's main direction Facing south or southeast /Suitable soIl for grass /Good drainage /Low level of underground water (2)Course layout and design -Consideration about existing contours as much as possible -Adaptation of Scotish design trend -Various holes' configuration -Consideration toward surrounding landscapes -Reducing grass areas -Giving buffer zones -Adapting computer methods in the process of site analysis and design (3) Eco-friendly considerations in constructing and managing golf courses -Protection of wildlife -Reuse of existing forests and preservation of topsoil -Renovation of old-fashioned courses -Reducing grass areas -Purification of water -Standization of management -Strict regulations against chemicals -Recycling organic materials -Through separation of the water inside golf courses and out of bounds -Getting proper construction works done in a due time 4.Eco-friendly considerations from a viewpoint of cultural environment 1) Well-matched landscape design and events planning 2) Implement of identifications and awarding systerns 3)Acknowledgement of superintendents' qualitications in the maintenance of golf courses 4)Increasing public golf courses and keeping good relationships with the neighbors near golf courses Key words: Pro-environmental development, Golf course.

• 환경생물
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2009

식생요인, 토양환경요인이 수질에 미치는 영향을 연구하고자 1993~1997년의 자료를 토대로 2003~2007년에 걸쳐 조사를 실시하였다. 조사유역을 11개 소집수역으로 세분하고 하천 유역의 오염원 동태, 식생요인과 하천수질, 토양요인과 하천수질의 상관성을 생태학적 관점에서 규명하고자 조사를 실시하였다. 식생형은 총 10개 type으로 구분되었으며 식생형별 수질과의 상관은 특히, 굴참나무군락에서 용존산소(DO)와 5% 수준(r=0.98)에서, 일본잎갈나무식재림과 T-P는 1% 수준(r=1)에서 유의한 상관을 나타내고 있었다. 또한, 삼림면적과 총인($Y_{T-P}$=-0.0017X+0.2215, r=0.16), COD는 $Y_{COD}$=-0.0395X+8.5051 (r=0.47)는 역의 상관을 BOD는 $Y_{BOD}$=0.0098X+3.0381 (r=0.19)로 거의 상관이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 조사지역의 토양형은 서쪽의 토양은 단순하지만 동쪽은 암쇄토를 비롯하여 적황색토, 퇴적토 등 매우 복잡한 양상을 띠고 있다. pH는 5.4~6.0의 범위로 나타났는데 전국 토양 pH의 평균치인 5.4~6.9와 거의 비슷하였다. 그러나 TS는 75.8~80.2%, VS는 3.80~5.80%의 범위로 전국의 평균치보다 훨씬 높았다. 표토의 깊이와 유출량과는 $Y_{run-off}$=-1.0088X+35.378 (r=0.68)로 부(-)의 상관이 있는데 상류지역에서는 상관이 낮고, 하류 지역으로 갈수록 높은 상관을 나타내고 있다. 이는 상류지역의 경우 평균경사가 높아 표토의 깊이에 관계없이 유출량이 증가하기 때문으로 상류지역보다는 하류지역의 표토 관리를 철저히 해야 유출량이 일정히 유지될 것으로 보인다. 또한, 토양환경요인과 수질항목 간의 유의성은 토양 pH와 하천수질의 pH 간에 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.163-172
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• 2019

본 연구는 토양유실량 산정을 위해 사용되는 USLE P factor 선정의 문제점 확인 및 개선방향 제시에 대한 연구이다. USLE P factor는 경작지를 어떻게 관리하여 사용하느냐에 따라 그 값이 달라지는 계수이다. 하지만 기존 연구들은 경작지 상황에 따른 선정이 아닌 유역의 경사도에 대한 P factor를 선정함에 따라 토양유실량이 과다 산정되는 경향이 있다. 뿐만 아니라 처음에 이 식은 제안한 Wishmeier와 Smith에 의해 정의된 다양한 조건들에 부합되지 않게 인자를 선정하고 있어 토양유실량 산정에 대한 정확성이 떨어지고 있다. 이에 환경부에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 표토관련고시를 제정하고 이에 따른 P factor를 선정하도록 제안하고 있다. 하지만 미국에서 제안된 조건을 그대로 국내 사정에 적용하도록 되어 있어 많은 문제점을 야기하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 실제 토양유실이 심각하게 이루어지고 있는 유역(양구 해안면 유역, 홍천 내면 자운리 유역, 안동 임하면 반변천 상류유역)을 선정하여 경사장과 경사도를 측정하고 각 필지에 적용된 관리방법과 경운방법을 조사하여 각 조건들에 적용한 후 고시에 의거하여 제시된 조건을 통해 선정된 인자와의 비교를 통해 고시의 문제점을 확인하였고, 문헌연구를 통한 새로운 조건에 대입하여 새로운 인자들을 선정하였다. 연구 결과, 환경부에서 제시한 표토관련고시에 의거하여 선정된 P factor의 경우 대상 유역 3곳에서 0.8~1.0사이의 값을 제시하고 있었다. 하지만 처음 제안된 조건들을 대입하여 P factor를 선정해본 결과 각 경사도 및 경사장 조건에 부합하여 선정된 값은 고시를 통해 선정된 값과는 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 국내 환경에 적합한 P factor를 선정하기 위한 조건을 개발하기 위한 연구가 지속적으로 이루어져야 한다고 판단된다.