• 환경영향평가
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.61-80
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• 1997

This study tried to propose the guidelines for the ecological preservation zoning in Korea. So some related laws and regulations were inspected, which were Natural Environment Preservation Act, Nature Park Act, Cultural Asset Conservation Act, Forest Act and Urban Planning Act. In these acts, I could find several concepts related to the ecosystem that are described as the protection area. But there aren't detailed and practical characteristics in those concepts. So for making the practical concept of ecosystem preservation, I considered Multiple Use Module, Wildlife habitat model, and Environmental evaluation model. Thorough this step, the process and methodology was established for evaluating and analysing. The potentiality of the GIS system was inspected. So the TM5 scene of the site was acquired and processed by ER-Mapper, Idrisi, Arc/Info and Arcview. And several digitized data were input by scanning and vecterizing. The Erdas format was mostly exchangeable to any program. The site is the Byonsan Peninsula National Park. The forest stand information and topographic data were digitized, types of which are forest year, DBH, density, slope, aspect etc. And also the watershed boundary, roads and paths, natural and cultural resources were mapped and analysed. Modelling of preservation suitability found the dispersed patterns for the best suitable zone through all the site. And the development potential areas were checked on downwatershed. This patterns are thought to result from the forest location for the wildlife habitat and the low altitude and no-steep slopes for developing. And Early warning system concept was introduced by overlapping these two patterns on the both potential area. As the conclusions, I proposed that the preservation zone be assigned according to the watershed unit as the main ecosystem zone. This main area should be linked by the eco-corridor through the point type eco-system. Finally, I thought the comprehensive information system should be established for making the rational and efficient decision making in natural area.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2016

Caves can serve as major outposts for future human exploration of the Moon and Mars. In addition, caves can protect people and electronic equipment from external hazards such as cosmic ray radiation and meteorites impacts and serve as a shelter. Numerous pit craters have been discovered on the Moon and Mars and are potential entrances to caves; the principal topographic features of pit craters are their visible internal floors and pits with vertical walls. We have devised two topographical models for investigating the relationship between the topographical characteristics and the inner void of pit craters. One of our models is a concave floor void model and the other is a convex floor tube model. For each model, optical photographs have been obtained under conditions similar to those in which optical photographs have been acquired for craters on the Moon and Mars. Brightness profiles were analyzed for determining the profile patterns of the void pit craters. The profile patterns were compared to the brightness profiles of Martian pit craters, because no good-quality images of lunar pit craters were available. In future studies, the model profile patterns will be compared to those of lunar pit craters, and the proposed method will likely become useful for finding lunar caves and consequently for planning lunar bases for manned lunar expeditions.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.43-55
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• 2023

This study was conducted to understand the seasonal patterns and variation of the copepod community in the Anma Islands of Yeonggwang, Yellow Sea, with a focus on seasonal surveys to assess the factors affecting their occurrence. Throughout the survey period, Acartia hongi, Paracalanus parvus s. l., and Ditrichocorycaeus affinis were dominant species, while Acartia ohtsukai, Acartia pacifica, Bestiolina coreana, Centropages abdominalis, Labidocera rotunda, Paracalanus sp., Tortanus derjugini, Tortanus forcipatus occurred differently by season and station. As a results of cluster analysis, the copepod communities were distinguished into three distinct groups: spring-winter, summer, and autumn. The results of this study showed that the occurrence patterns of copepod species can vary depending on environmental conditions (topographic, distance from the inshore, etc.), and their spatial occurrence patterns between seasons were controlled by water temperature and prey conditions. One of the physical mechanisms that can affect the distribution of zooplankton in the Yellow Sea is the behavior of the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water (YSBCW), which shows remarkable seasonal fluctuations. More detailed further studies are needed for clear grounds for mainly why to many Calanus sinicus in the central region of the Yellow Sea are seasonally moving to the inshore, what strategies to seasonally maintain the population, and support the possibilities of complex factors.

• 한국항해학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-40
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• 1985

The transport of cargoes carried by coastal and ocean-going vessels has increased with the rapid growth of the Korean economy these days. This increase of the sea-borne cargoes has made the Korean coastal traffic so congested that this can be a cause of large pollution as well as great marine casualties such as loss of human lives and properties. Marine casualties generally result from the complicated interaction of natural and human factors; the former being the topographic, marine traffic volume and meteorological conditions, and the latter being the quality of seafares. In this paper, the authors analyse the trend of marine casualties in the Korean coastal and clear up the cause of accidents and examine closely the mutual relations among sea accidents, weather conditions, and marine traffic volume. These accidents are classified into several patterns on hte point of view of ship's size, ship's type and ship's age and its characteristics of each pattern are described in detail. Also, the authors estimate the amount of economical losses resulting from marine casualties which are classified into the accident patterns, and clarify the effects of those losses on B/B(Balance Sheet) and P/L(Profit & Loss) of Korean shipping companies and Korean national economy. The analyzed results of marine casualties are summarized as follows: 1) The average number of sea accidents is 248 cases per year with the loss of 107 persons during last 13 years. 2) Collision is the top of causes of sea accidents (approx. 36.4%), shipwreck the second (approx. 20.3%), agroung the third rank (approx. 18.2%). 3) The ship's number under 1, 000G/T is approx. 74% of total ship's number of accidents. 4) 80% of total number of marine accidents is taken plact at the coastal waters. (involved ports & narrow channels) 5) Marine casualties are occur likely to in the night, the winter and the summer. 6) The average amount of economical losses is approx. 18.5 billion won. (approx. 0.14% of GNP) 7) Shipwreck is the top of the amount of economical losses (approx. 60.4%), collision the second (aprox. 24.5%), aground the third (approx. 9.9%). 8) The amount of economical losses is approx. 5.24% of gross capital of shipping co., 1.24% of shipping revenue, 1.38% of shipping total income in 1983.

• 농촌계획
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.37-48
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• 2006

The objectives of this study were to develop an evaluation method of regional vulnerability to agricultural drought and to classify the vulnerability patterns. In order to test the method, 24 city or county areas of Gyeonggi-do were chose. First, statistic data and digital maps referred for agricultural drought were defined, and the input data of 31 items were set up from 5 categories: land use factor, water resource factor, climate factor, topographic and soil factor, and agricultural production foundation factor. Second, for simplification of the factors, principal component analysis was carried out, and eventually 4 principal components which explain about 80.8% of total variance were extracted. Each of the principal components was explained into the vulnerability components of scale factor, geographical factor, weather factor and agricultural production foundation factor. Next, DVIP (Drought Vulnerability Index for Paddy), was calculated using factor scores from principal components. Last, by means of statistical cluster analysis on the DVIP, the study area was classified as 5 patterns from A to E. The cluster A corresponds to the area where the agricultural industry is insignificant and the agricultural foundation is little equipped, and the cluster B includes typical agricultural areas where the cultivation areas are large but irrigation facilities are still insufficient. As for the cluster C, the corresponding areas are vulnerable to the climate change, and the D cluster applies to the area with extensive forests and high elevation farmlands. The last cluster I indicates the areas where the farmlands are small but most of them are irrigated as much.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.317-325
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• 2003

Corticostriatal connections of auditory areas within the rostral and caudal portions of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and in the supratemporal plane(STP) of pigtail macaque (Macacca nemestrina) were studied with particular emphasis on specific projections to the ventral striatum. Retrograde tracers were Injected into five different regions of the ventral striatum such as the ventromedial caudate nucleus, ventral shell, central shell, dorsal core of the nucleus accumbens (NA), and ventrolateral putamen to Identify the cells of origin. There were only few projections from the auditory areas in the STP to the ventral striatum. However, the association (or belt) areas of the STG collectively had widespread corticostriatal projections characterized by differential topographic distributions. The rostral parts of the STG strongly projected to the ventromedial caudate nucleus. The midportion of the STG also projected to the same ventral striatal regions, but the connections were relatively less extensive. Interestingly, the caudal portion of the STG had no connection to all subregions of the ventral striatum. These differential patterns of corticostriatal connectivity suggest that the ventromedial caudate nucleus would be a major auditory convergence area and mainly involved in sound recognition rather than spatial localization of sound sources.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.36-45
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• 2010

To analyze the relationship between climatic factors (monthly mean temperature and total precipitation) and tree-ring growths of Quercus mongolica Fischer (Mongolian oak) with different topographic sites in Mt. Worak, more than 10 trees were selected from each of seven stands. Two cores from each tree were measured for ring width. After crossdating, each ring-width series was double standardized by fitting first a negative exponential or straight regression line and secondly a 60-year cubic spline. Seven stands were categorized in two groups using cluster analysis for tree-ring index patterns. Cluster I (four stands) was located in higher elevation (550-812 m) with aspects of east, west and northwest, and cluster II (three stands) was located in rather lower election (330-628 m) with aspects of north and northwest. The aspects of two clusters were not significantly different. Response-function analysis showed a significant positive response to March precipitation for both clusters. It indicates that moisture supply during early spring season is important to radial growth because the cambial growths of ring-porous species, such as Mongolian oak, start before leaf growth. Cluster II showed a positive response to the precipitation of middle and late growing season, too.

• 대기
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.255-268
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• 2007

This study generated and evaluated the high resolution (5 km) gridded data of monthly mean, maximum and minimum temperature from 2002 to 2005 over South Korea using a modified PRISM(Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model: K-PRISM) developed by Daly et al. (2003). The performance of K-PRISM was evaluated by qualitative and quantitative ways using the observations and gridded data derived by inverse distance weighting (IDW) and hypsometric methods (HYPS). For the generation of high resolution gridded data, geographic informations over South Korea, such as the digital elevation, topographic facet and coastal proximity, are derived from the 1 km digital elevation data. The spatial patterns of temperature derived by K-PRISM were more closely linked to topography and coastal proximity than those by IDW. The K-PRISM performed much better than IDW for all months and temperatures, but it was equal to or slightly better than the HYPS. And the performances of K-PRISM were better in the minimum and mean temperature (winter) than the in maximum temperature (summer).

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2014

Lava caves could be useful as outposts for the human exploration of the Moon. Lava caves or lava tubes are formed when the external surface of the lava flows cools more quickly to make a hardened crust over subsurface lava flows. The lava flow eventually ceases and drains out of the tube, leaving an empty space. The frail part of the ceiling of lava tube could collapse to expose the entrance to the lava tubes which is called a pit crater. Several pit craters with the diameter of around 100 meters have been found by analyzing the data of SELENE and LRO lunar missions. It is hard to use these pit craters for outposts since these are too large in scale. In this study, small scale pit craters which are fit for outposts have been investigated using the NAC image data of LROC. Several topographic patterns which are believed to be lunar caves have been found and the similar pit craters of the Earth were compared and analyzed to identify caves. For this analysis, the image data of satellites and aerial photographs are collected and classified to construct a database. Several pit craters analogous to lunar pit craters were derived and a morphological pit crater model was generated using the 3D printer based on this database.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.246-248
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• 2018

Urban development and population have augmented the increase of impervious land-cover. This phenomenon has amplified the effects of climate change and increasing urban island effects due to increases in urban temperatures. Seoul, South Korea is one of the largest metropolitan cities in the world. While land uses in Seoul vary, land cover patterns have not changed much (under 2%) in the past 10 years, making the city a prime target for studying the effects of land cover types on the urban temperature. This research seeks to generalize the urban temperature of Seoul through a series of statistical tests using multi-temporal remote sensing data focusing on multiple scales and typologies of green space to determine its overall effectiveness in reducing the urban heat. The distribution of LST values was reduced as the size of urban forests increased. It means that changing temperature of large-scale green-spaces is less influenced because the broad distribution could be resulted in various external variables such as slope aspect, topographic height and density of planting areas, while small-scale urban forests are more affected from that. The large-scale green spaces contributed significantly to lowering urban temperature by showing a similar mean LST value. Both of concentration and dispersal of urban forests affected the reduction of urban temperature. Therefore, the findings of this research support that creating urban forests in an urban region could reduce urban temperature regardless of the scale.