• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.207-216
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this was to compare effects of application of the skin stimulation method and topical anesthetic cream on pain, heart rate variability and satisfaction according to nursing intervention methods during arteriovenous fistula puncture in chronic renal failure hemodialysis patients. Methods: This study was a crossover design. Participants were 36 patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis treatment. Two forms of intervention were applied to participants, and then pain and heart rate variability were measured during the puncture. Results: There were no statistically significant differences according to each treatment in vein pain and artery pain. Also, there were no statistically significant differences according to each treatment in stress index, sympathetic activity (LF), parasympathetic activity (HF) and sympathetic activity/parasympathetic activity (LF/HF ratio). Satisfaction with application of skin stimulation method was statistically higher than that of topical anesthetic cream application. Conclusion: This suggests that application of the skin stimulation method complements disadvantages of topical anesthetic cream application and demonstrates possibility of application as a nursing intervention method which can be conveniently used by nurses in clinical practice.

• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.60-64
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• 2003

Restenosis frequently develops with granulation and overgrowth of scar following surgical treatment for laryngotracheal stenosis. Various methods such as stenting or CO2 laser application have been used to prevent restenosis, but they were seldom unsatisfactory. Mitomycin is an antineoplastic antibiotics derived from Streptomyces caespitosus; it inhibits fibroblast proliferation and acts as an alkylating agent to inhibit DNA synthesis. This study was desinged to evaluate effectiveness and determine indications of usage of topical mitomycin for laryngotracheal stenosis as a nonsurgical means of reducing postoperative granulation and scar tissue formation. Patients and Method : A retrospective study was performed on eight cases of laryngotracheal stenosis with topical mitomycin application. The author analyzed clinical outcomes of operative treatment with topical mitomycin. Patients underwent laryngotracheal reconstruction, endoscopic granulation removal, or bronchoscopic bougienage followed by topical application of mitomycin (0.4 mg/$m{\ell}$, 4minuntes) on the lesion intraoperatively. Result : Overall success rate of decannulation was 38% ($\frac{3}{8}$). Successful decannulation was possible in 75% ($\frac{3}{4}$) of laryngeal stenosis patients, 75% ($\frac{3}{4}$) of children, 60% ($\frac{3}{5}$) of the patients without previous surgery, and 75% ($\frac{3}{4}$) of bronchoscopic bougienage. Conclusion : The topical application of mitomycin in laryngotracheal stenosis was effective in untreated pediatric laryngeal stenosis which underwent bronchoscopic bougienage. Our results show that the topical mitomycin application for laryngotracheal stenosis could be a effective adjuvant treatment.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.377-386
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• 2020

Background: To compare pain perception during palatal injection administration in children aged 7-9 years while using pre-cooling of the injection site versus application of topical anesthesia as a pre-injection anesthetic during the six months. Method: A prospective randomized split-mouth crossover trial was conducted among 30 children aged 7-9 years, who received topical application of either a pencil of ice (test group) or 5% lignocaine gel (control group) for 2 min before injection. The primary and secondary outcome measures were pain perception and child satisfaction, measured by the composite pain score and the faces rating scale, respectively. Unpaired t-test was performed to determine significant differences between groups. Results: The test group had significantly lower pain scores for self-report and behavioral measures (P < 0.0001). The changes in physiological parameters at the baseline (P = 0.74) during (P = 0.37) and after (P = 0.88) the injection prick were not statistically significant. Children felt better by the pre-cooling method (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Ice application using a pencil of ice for 2 min reduced pain perception significantly compared to the use of a topical anesthetic. Moreover, ice application was preferred by children.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.181-192
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• 1994

The effect of topical application on the number of S. mutans was tested in a group of 44 orthodontic patients (mean age, 12Y 3M). They were divided into 5 groups according to the method using NaF and $SnF_2$. The number of S. mutans CFU were counted in stimulated saliva of each subject at baseline, and after one, two, three, and eight weeks. The following results were obtained. 1. In NaF rinsing group, and NaF topical application and NaF rinsing group, the number of S. mutans per ml saliva was not significantly changed. 2. In $SnF_2$ topical application group, and $SnF_2$ topical and NaF rinsing group, the number of S. mutans per ml saliva was significantly reduced. 3. After 8 weeks, there were no significant reduction of the number of S. mutans in comparison with baseline.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.105-108
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• 1991

An insecticidal isoflavon glycoside was isolated from the roots of Maakia ammurensis. Its structure was shown to be formononetin-7-O-$\beta$ glucosy [1-6] glucoside [1] by chemical and spectroscpic methods and to have insecticidal activities against Brown planthopper female adults by spray and topical applications.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2011

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to determine the enhancing effect of iontophoresis method as it transdermally deliver methylene blue (MB) using visual examination, in terms of penetration depth and tissue distribution in the skin, and to determine the effect of application duration on the efficacy of iontophoresis. Methods: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5-, 10-, 20-, and 40-minute groups. These rats were exposed to either topical or anodic iontophoresis of 1% MB using a direct current of $0.5mA/cm^2$ for 5, 10, 20, and 40 minutes. Using cryosections of rat tissues, the penetration depth of MB was measured using light microscopy. Results: Significant differences in the penetration depth (F=54.20, p<0.001) were detected among the four groups. Post hoc comparisons of the penetration depth of MB data pooled across groups showed no significant difference between all topical application groups and 5-minute iontophoresis group, but did reveal a significant difference in the penetration depth between all topical application groups and 5-minute iontophoresis group versus 10-minute group, between the 10-minute and 20-minute group, and between the 20-minute and 40-minute iontophoresis group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results demonstrate that iontophoresis enhances transdermal delivery of MB across stratum corneum of skin barrier by visual examination. Furthermore, the penetration depth of iontophoretic transdermal delivery of MB was dependent on the application duration. The duration of iontophoresis is one of the important factor in the efficacy of iontophoresis application.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.40-43
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• 1990

1) 에테르-아스피린 국소도포요법은 그 방법이 간단하며 안전하게 사용할 수가 있다. 2) 이 요법은 대상포진성 신경통 환자의 통증을 반감시키나 대상포진후 신경통 환자에서는 그 효과가 입증되지 못했다. 3) 에테르-아스피린 도포는 대상포진의 피부 병변의 빠른 치유에도 도움을 주는 것으로 보인다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.323-329
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• 1993

배추좀나방의 독성시험방법 비교와 지역별 계통의 약제저항성 수준을 조사한 결과, 약제저항성 수준결정을 위한 다섯가지 독성시험 방법비교에서 leaf disc법의 CV가 11.4%로 정밀도가 높았으며 간편하고 처리가 용이한 방법이었다. Topical application법의 CV는 8.0%로 가장 정밀하고 반복성이 높았으나 시간을 요하고 시험조작이 불편한 점이 결점이었으며, insect-direct dipping법(CV=14.9%), leaf disc+insect spray법(CV=17.4%) 및 pot spray법(CV=21.4%)은 비교적 변이계수가 큰 편이었다. 배추좀나방의 지역별 계통에 대하여 topical application법에 의한 약제저항성수준은 $LC_{50}$,치로 감수성계통과 비교한 결과 공주, 김해, 제주 및 인제계통에 대하여 prothifos는 각각 61.1, 5.6, 5.4, 및 3.3배이고, cartap은 33.3, 12.8, 12.3 및 10.5배이며, cypermethrin은 141.7, 37.2, 32.5, 및 7.5배이며, Bacillus thringiensis에 대해 leaf disc법으로 조사한 저항성 수준은 광주, 김해, 제주 및 인제계통에 대하여 8.1, 2.7, 2.3 및 1.9배의 저항성으로 지역이나 약제에 따라 다른 수준의 살충제저항성을 나타냈다.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2024

Background: In pediatric dentistry, fear and anxiety are common among children. Local anesthetics (LA) are widely used to control pain and reduce discomfort in children during dental treatment. Topical anesthetics play a vital role in reducing pain and the unpleasant sensation of a needle puncture in children. Peppermint oil has been extensively used for various diseases. However, its anesthetic properties remain unknown. Peppermint oil, used in mouthwashes, toothpastes, and other topical preparations has analgesic, anesthetic, and antiseptic properties. This study aimed to compare and evaluate pain perception following the topical application of peppermint oil versus lignocaine spray before an intraoral injection in children, aged 8-13 years. Method: Fifty-two children, aged between 8-13 years, who required local anesthesia for dental treatment were divided into two groups of 26 each by simple random sampling (Group 1: 0.2% peppermint oil and Group 2: lignocaine spray). In both groups, physiological measurements (e.g., heart rate) were recorded using pulse oximetry before, during, and after the procedure. Objective pain measurement (Sound Eye Motor (SEM) scale) during administration and subjective measuremeant (Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBFPRS)) after LA administration were recorded. This was followed by the required treatment of the child. Physiological parameters were compared between the two groups using an independent t-test for intergroup assessment and a paired t-test and repeated-measures ANOVA for intragroup comparisons. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the pain scores. Results: Intragroup mean heart rates, before, during, and after treatment were statistically significantly different (P < 0.05). However, the intergroup mean pulse rates did not differ significantly between the two groups. The mean WBFPS score in the lignocaine spray group was 4.133 ± 2.06 was statistically different from that of the peppermint oil group (0.933 ± 1.03; P < 0.001^*). The mean SEM score was significantly lower in the peppermint oil group than that in the lignocaine spray group (P = 0.006). No negative effects were observed in this study. Conclusion: 0.2% peppermint oil was effective in reducing pain perception.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 1998

Niosomes are vesicles formed from synthetic non-ionic surfactants, offering an alternative to chemically unstable and expensive liposomes as a drug carrier. Non-ionic surfactant and cholesterol mixture film leads to the formation of vesicular system by hydration with sonication method. The formation of niosome was ascertained by negative staining of TEM. The entrapment efficiency of niosomal suspension was gradually increased with increasing the ratio of cholesterol to surfactant. It was found that the niosome with 6 : 4 (polyoxyethylene 2-cetyl ether: cholesterol) ratio was more stable than those with other ratios. The topical application of acyclovir(ACV) in the treatment of herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) skin disease has a long history. There are an increasing number of reports, however, in which topical ACV therapy is not as effective as oral administration. Lack of efficacy with topical ACV has been hypothesized to reflect the inadequate delivery of drug to the skin. We investigated the permeation of niosome containing $[^{3}H]ACV$ in hairless mouse skin using Franz diffusion cell model. Permeation coefficient(P) of aqueous ACV was $6.7{\times}10^{-4}\;(cm/hr)$ and that of ACV in niosome was $23.4{\times}10^{-4}\;(cm/hr)$, suggesting about 3.5 times increase in the transdermal permeation.