• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.138-146
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• 2017

이 연구의 목적은 쥐의 하악 절치에서 생물학적 광화에 대한 발육 단계를 타임테이블로 수립하는데 있다. 맹출 길이가 측정되었고 조직학적 절편과 미세단층촬영기(microscopic computerized tomography) 단면으로 절치 발육의 4단계 (1) preodontoblast, (2) dentin matrix secretion, (3) enamel matrix secretion, 그리고 (4) enamel calcification을 확인하였다. 쥐의 하악 절치에서 총 맹출 속도는 $600{\pm}70{\mu}m/day$ ($mean{\pm}SD$; n = 12) 였다. 법랑질 분비 길이는 조직학적 절편에서 $4.59{\pm}0.75mm$, 방사선학적 단면에서 $3.64{\pm}0.63mm$였고 이를 각각 속도로 환산하면 $180.4{\pm}30.0hours$, $145{\pm}25hours$ 으로 나타났다(n = 24). 이러한 결과들은 쥐의 절치의 생물학적 광화가 일어나는 발육 4 단계가 단 며칠 만에 이루어진다는 것을 제시한다. 이번 동물 실험연구의 결과는 발육 중인 치배의 빠른 광물화 과정을 치아 발육 기간의 분석을 통해 이해할 수 있다는 것에 의의가 있다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.153-160
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• 2003

연구의 목적은 이산화탄소 레이저의 유치 법랑질 탈회 억제 및 재경화 효과를 레이저형광측정법을 사용하여 평가하는 것이었다. 사람 유치의 건전 평활면으로부터 법랑질 시편을 제작하여, 코카콜라에 담가 24시간 탈회시키는 전후에 정촛점 연속파 또는 탈촛점 펄스파, 3W 또는 6W로 4초간 직경 약 2 mm의 조사점에 이산화탄소 레이저를 조사하고, Diagnodent 측정을 통하여 탈회억제효과와 재경화 효과를 평가하였다. 탈회된 법랑질에 대한 정촛점 연속파 또는 탈촛점 펄스파 조사의 재경화 효과는 두 군 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었으며 모두 탈회 전과 유의한 차이가 없는 수준으로 감소하였다. 건전 법랑질에 대한 3W 또는 6W 탈촛점 펄스파 조사의 탈회 억제 효과에서 3W군은 탈회 후의 측정치가 유의하게 증가하였고(P<0.05), 6W군은 탈회 후 유의한 증가가 없었다. 탈회된 법랑질에 대한 3W또는 6W 탈촛점 펄스파 조사의 재경화 효과에서 3W군은 레이저 조사 후 유의하게 감소하였으나 탈회 전보다 유의하게 컸고(P<0.05), 6W군은 레이저 조사 후 유의하게 감소하였고(P<0.05) 탈회 전과 유의한 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 유치 법랑질의 색은 6W로 탈회 후 조사하였을 때 갈색 내지 검은색으로 변색되었고 탈회 전 조사하였을 때 갈색으로 변색되었으며, 탈회 전과 후에 3W로 조사하였을 때에는 색의 변화가 없었다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.293-300
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• 2019

고정식 교정 장치 치료의 흔한 부작용으로 구강 위생이 불량한 환자에서 브라켓과 밴드에 인접한 법랑질의 탈회가 발생한다. 이 연구는 불소를 이용한 다양한 법랑질 탈회 예방 방법 중 고정식 교정장치 주위의 탈회 예방에 무엇이 가장 효과적인지 알아보고자 시행되었다. 건전한 표면을 가진 발치된 소의 절치 80개를 실험재료로 하여 4개 군으로 분류하였다 : (I군) 대조군, (II군) V $varnish^{TM}$, (III군) Tooth Mousse $Plus^{(R)}$, (IV군) $Vanish^{TM}$ XT. 각 군 별로 처리 후 인공우식용액에서 탈회시킨 다음 0일, 30일, 60일, 90일에 무기질 소실량과 비커스 표면미세경도를 측정하였다. 무기질 소실량은 IV군에서 가장 적었으며, 그 다음으로는 II군, III군 순으로 적었으며, 유의한 차이를 보였다. 표면미세경도는 IV군에서 가장 적었으며, 그 다음으로는 II군, III군 순으로 적었으며, 유의한 차이를 보였다. 이상의 연구결과, IV군이 브라켓 주위 법랑질 탈회 방지에 가장 우수한 효과를 보였다. III군은 대조군과 비교하여 유의한 법랑질 탈회 예방 효과를 보였지만, 다른 군보다는 그 효과가 적었다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.377-398
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• 1999

불소도포시 주로 형성되는 calcium fluoride는 구강내 환경에서 pH에 의해 조절되는 불소의 저장고 역할을 하여 치아우식 예방에 있어서 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 불소도포의 우식예방 효과는 calcium fluoride를 얼마나 많이 형성시켜 오래 지속시키는 가에 달려 있다. 이에 치아 내산성 증가에 효과 있다고 알려진 Nd:YAG 레이저 조사가 calcium fluoride형성 및 치아 내산성에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보기 위해서 실험을 시행하였다. 소의 영구전치에서 276개의 시편을 제작하여 아무런 처치를 하지 않은 군을 대조군으로 하고 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) 5분, 30분 도포 및 Nd:YAG 레이저 조사에너지 밀도 $20J/cm^2,\;40J/cm^2$의 조건에 따라 불소 도포군, 레이저 조사군, 불소 도포후 레이저 조사군, 레이저 조사후 불소 도포군으로 분류하였다. 불소도포를 시행한 경우 이를 다시 KOH 처리 여부에 따라 나누어 23개의 실험조건을 만들었다. 각 실험조건에 12개의 시편을 배정하고 이중 10개의 시편은 불소 및 무기인 측정에, 나머지 2개의 시편은 표면 관찰에 사용하였다. KOH 비처치군에서 0.1 N HClO4로 enamel biopsy를 시행하여 탈회 법랑질의 불소농도 및 탈회깊이를 측정하였으며 KOH 처치군에서는 1 M KOH로 24시간 처리하여 calcium fluoride를 정량 후 enamel biopsy를 시행하였다. 실험결과 얻어진 자료 및 주사 전자현미경 관찰 소견을 비교하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 1. KOH 비처치군에서 탈회된 법랑질의 불소농도는 레이저조사 후 불소도포시 레이저 에너지 밀도 증가에 따라 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 2. KOH 비처치군에서 법랑질 탈회깊이는 불소를 5분 도포후 레이저 $20J/cm^2$를 조사한 경우를 제외하고는 레이저와 불소를 병행하여 처치시 각각을 단독으로 처치시보다 탈회깊이가 작았다 (p<0.05). 3. Calcium fluoride의 양은 레이저의 조사에 의해 유의 있게 증가하지 않았다 (p>0.05). 4. Calcium fluoride 입자는 불소만 도포한 경우에 비해 레이저 조사후 불소도포시 입자크기가 증가되었으며, 불소도포후 레이저 조사시 입자크기의 증가와 함께 일부 융합된 양상을 보였다. 5. KOH 처치군에서 법랑질의 불소농도는 불소를 30분 도포후 레이저를 조사한 경우를 제외하고는 대조군의 불소농도와 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 6. KOH 처치군에서 불소와 레이저를 병행한 경우, 불소만 도포한 경우보다 탈회된 법랑질의 깊이가 작았다 (p<0.05). 7. KOH 비처치군에서 탈회된 법랑질의 불소농도와 탈회깊이의 상관관계(Spearman correlation coefficient: -0.6281)는 KOH 처치군(Spearman correlation coefficient: -0.3792)에 비해 높은 음의 상관 관계를 보였고, 동일한 조건으로 불소도포 및 레이저 조사를 시행한 경우에 있어서 KOH 처리 여부에 따른 탈회법랑질 깊이의 유의차가 있는 경우 calcium fluoride의 형성량이 많았다. 이상의 실험결과로 미루어 보아 레이저 조사가 calcium fluoride의 형성량에 영향을 미치지 않았으나 레이저 조사의 영향으로 calcium fluoride의 용해가 감소하는 것으로 판단된다. 또한 불소도포 및 레이저 조사의 병행은 각각을 단독으로 처치한 경우에 비하여 치아 내산성 증가면에서 유리하므로 임상에서 불소도포주기 연장과 같은 유용한 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.375-380
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• 2011

This study evaluated whether fluoride treatment can affect recovery of the irregularity of enamel surface after tooth whitening with a high concentration of hydrogen peroxide (HP) activated by plasma arc light. A total of 36 bovine teeth stained with coke were used in this experiment. The specimens were classified into following three groups (two different commercial plasma arc groups and a control group without light curing source): (1) 35% HP gel only, (2): 35% HP gel and Plasma arc A, and (3) 35% HP gel and Plasma arc B. To measure color changes and surface morphologies before and after the bleaching, colorimeter and scanning electron microscopy were used, respectively. When the specimens were bleached with hydrogen peroxide and plasma arc lights, the bleaching effect was greater than when only hydrogen peroxide gels were used (Kruskal-Wallis test, p<0.05). In addition, plasma arc B showed the more color changes than plasma arc A (Bonferroni post-hoc test, p<0.05). The surfaces of the teeth treated with fluoride gel after the whitening treatment came to be smooth. Therefore, the results of this study suggested that the fluoride application for patients who got tooth whitening therapy with a high concentration of hydrogen peroxide gels activated by plasma arc light will be effective to recover rough enamel surfaces.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.133-149
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• 1998

Clinical application of composite resin recently draw great concerns in dentistry. Especially due to advantages such as esthetics, adhesiveness, simple clinical procedures, various shapes and kinds of composite resins are widely being applied to prosthodontics, conservative dentistry, and orthodontics. But, clinical problems attributable to the polymerization shrinkage of composite resin have been proposed, and we have to regard clinical problems such as secondary caries, loss of restoration, fracture of the surrounding tooth structure, marginal discoloration, and tooth sensitivity, and many portions are remained to be overcome. Therefore, this study attempts to analyze stress distribution between resin and tooth structure which is generated during polymerization shrinkage of composite resin using three dimensional finite element method. Three dimensional finite element models with conventional box-shape cavity and erosion/abrasion type V-shape lesion cavity in upper central incisor were developed. These cavities were filled with four different types of placement techniques. (bulk filling, horizontal increment filling, oblique occlusal increment filling, oblique gingival increment filling) The stresses generated by polymerization shrinkage of composite resin were calculated. The results analyzed with three dimensional finite element method were as follows : 1. The increment filling technique showed the highest maximum normal stress in both conventional box-shape and V-shape cavities and showed a tendency to decrease after complete polymerization. 2. The bulk filling technique resulted in increased stresses during the curing process in both conventional box-shape and V-shape cavities and the highest maximum normal stress occurred after complete polymerization. 3. The bulk filling resulted in the lowest maximum normal stress in both box-shape and V-shape cavities 4. Regardless of placement method, in conventional box-shape cavity, the maximum normal stress increased in dentin floor, enamel, dentin sequence and in V-shape cavity, the maximum normal stress increased in enamel, dentin sequence.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.447-463
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of copal varnish and five bonding agents(Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus Dental Adhesive System, Panavia 21, All Bond 2, Superbond D-Liner II plus, Fuji Duet) in reducing microleakage under amalgam restorations. Class V cavity were prepared on both buccal and lingual surface of sixty extracted human molars with cementum margin and were filled with different kinds of liners and amalgam. All teeth were stored at $37^{\circ}C$ in physiologic saline solution. After 1 week they were thermally stressed for 500 cycles between 5 and $55^{\circ}C$ in baths containing 0.5 % basic fuchsin dye. The dye penetrations were observed with a stereomicroscope. Scanning electron micrographs were taken of representative tooth sections from each group to assess the nature of the tooth/liner/amalgam interface. The statistical test were applied to the results using a one way analysis variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test. The results were as follows ; 1. In all groups, the enamel margin showed significantly lower leakage value than the cementum margin (p<0.05). 2. At the dentin and enamel margins, the leakage value of Copalite-lined group showed significantly higher than that of no liner group (p<0.05), but showed significantly lower than that of bonding agent lined-groups (p<0.05). 3. There was no significant difference between the bonding agent lined-groups (p>0.05). 4. On the backscattered scanning electron microscopy observation, discontinuous gaps were observed between amalgam and dentin in the bonding agent-lined amalgam restorations and the bonding agents appeared to fill the gap space and were mixed with amalgam particles. At the amalgam/tooth interface, unsealed dentin and continuous gaps were found in both unlined and Copalite-lined restorations.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.489-504
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to compare the adaptation to the tooth structure of five light cured glass ionomer cements (Fuji II LC. VariGlass VLC, Vitremer, Dyract and Geristore). Human, non-carious fifty extracted permanent premolars stored in normal saline were used. Class V cavity preparations were created on the buccal surfaces. The occlusal margin of each cavity was placed on the enamel and the gingival margin was placed on the cementum/dentin. The teeth were then distributed at random into five groups of 10 teeth each. Group 1: Fuji II LC, Group 2 : VariGlass VLC, Group 3 : Vitremer, Group 4: Dyract, Group 5 : Geristore. The prepared cavities were restored with one of the five light cured glass ionomer cements. The manipulation of each material was handled according to the manufacturer's instructions. All samples were placed in incubator of 100% relative humidity at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The roots of the teeth were removed with the tapered fissure bur and the remaining crowns were sectioned buccolingually through the center of restorations. The cut interfaces were gradually hand polished on sandpapers from 300 up to 1200 grit. The adaptation at the tooth/cements interface was assessed by SEM (JSM-840A, JEOL Ltd.). The results of this study were as follows : 1. Group 2 revealed the best adaptation and groups 1, 4 and 5 revealed similar adaptation pattern to the cavity walls. Group 3 revealed the worst adaptation to the cavity walls. 2. Enamel margins showed better adaptation than dentin/cementum margins with each material except group 3. 3. The hybrid layers were observed between the glass ionomer cement and dentin in groups 2, 4 and 5.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.145-151
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate and compare the radiopacity of dentin, enamel, and 8 restorative composites on conventional radiograph and digital images with different resolutions. Materials and Methods: Specimens were fabricated from 8 materials and human molars were longitudinally sectioned 1.0 mm thick to include both enamel and dentin. The specimens and tooth sections were imaged by conventional radiograph using #4 sized intraoral film and digital images were taken in high speed and high resolution modes using a phosphor storage plate. Densitometric evaluation of the enamel, dentin, restorative materials, a lead sheet, and an aluminum step wedge was performed on the radiographic images. For the evaluation, the Al equivalent (mm) for each material was calculated. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05), considering the material factor and then the radiographic method factor, individually. Results: The high speed mode allowed the highest radiopacity, while the high resolution mode generated the lowest values. Furthermore, the high resolution mode was the most efficient method for radiographic differentiation between restorative composites and dentin. The conventional radiograph was the most effective in enabling differentiation between enamel and composites. The high speed mode was the least effective in enabling radiographic differentiation between the dental tissues and restorative composites. Conclusion: The high speed mode of digital imaging was not effective for differentiation between enamel and composites. This made it less effective than the high resolution mode and conventional radiographs. All of the composites evaluated showed radiopacity values that fit the ISO 4049 recommendations.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.243-248
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• 2000

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the relative radiopacities of cavity lining materials (Resin-modified Glass Ionomer cement, Compomer and Plowable resin) for posterior composite resin restoration. Material & Methods: Resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Fuji II LC, Vitrebond/sup TM/), Compomers (Dyract /sup (R)/ Compoglass, F2,000, Dyract/sup (R)/ flow Compoglass Flow) and Flowable resins (Tetric/sup (R)/ flow, Aeliteflo/sup TM/ Revolution/sup TM/) were used. Five specimens of 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick were fabricated with each material. Human molars were horizontally sectioned 2 mm thick to include both enamel and dentin. The radiopacities of enamel, dentin, cavity lining materials, aluminum step wedge were obtainded from conventional radiograph and NIH image program. Results: All the tested lining materials showed levels of radiopacity the same as or greater than that of dentin. All compomer tested (Dyract, Compoglass, F2,000, Dyract flow, Compoglass Flow) and Vitrebond/sup TM/, Tetric/sup (R)/ flow were more radiopaque than enamel. The radiopacities of Fuji II LC and Revolution/sup TM/ were between enamel and dentin and resin-modified glass ionomer cement, Compomer and Tetric/sup (R)/ flow were greater than those of Revolution/sup TM/, Aeliteflo/sup TM/ or dentin. The level of radiopacity of the tested materials was variable; those with low radiopacity should be avoided in class II restorations, where a clear determination of recurrent caries by the examining clinician could be compromised. Conclusion: Clinician should be able to distinguish these cavity lining materials radiographically from recurrent decay, voids, gaps, or other defects that lead to clinical failure. Utilization of materials ranked more radiopaque than enamel would enable clinicians to distinguish the lining material from tooth structure.