• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 1993

The purpose of this research was to develop ideal substrates for the production of good quality tomatoes in bag culture system and also to improve media with low or no environmental pollution by blending and mixing artificial substrate including peatmoss, perlite, vermiculite, granular rockwool, polyphenol resin foam, bark, and smoked rice hull. The highly efficient media proved by experiments were vermiculite, smoked rice hull, polyphenol resin foam, granular rockwool, and perlite, which showed good results in the early growth as well as the marketable yield of tomato in the bag culture. Tomato plants grown in the media mixed with peatmoss, vermiculite and granular rockwool at the ratio of 3 : 1 : 1(by volume) showed the highest marketable yield, and the next at the ratio of 2 : 1 : 1. The perlite-granular rockwool mixtures at the ratio of 2 : 3 and 1 : 4, and the peatmoss vermiculite mixtures at the ratio of 2 : 3 and 3 : 2, seemed to be promising media for bag culture.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.305-311
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• 2015

Both low and high temperatures affect plant growth and development at whole plant level, tissue and even cell level through a variety of metabolic changes. Temperature stress is one of frequently occurring problems in greenhouse crops in summer and winter seasons due to the wide-spread year-round cultivation. In the present study, we investigated the extent of the inhibition of growth, macro-element uptake and soluble carbohydrate production, and the effect of extra-supply of minerals as a means of the recovery from temperature damage. Tomato plants were grown five different growth temperatures (15/8, 20/13, 28/21, 33/23 and $36/26^{\circ}C$), and extra-supply of minerals was composed of 1.5- and 2.0-fold stronger than the standard nutrition (1/2 strength of Hoagland's solution). Temperature stress significantly adversely affected tomato growth and mineral uptake, whereas soluble carbohydrate accumulation represented temperature-dependent response, more accumulation at low temperature and more consumption at high temperature. The soluble sugars in leaves and stems were mostly declined with the supply of extra-minerals at low and optimal temperatures, whereas remained unchanged at high temperature. The starch levels also remained unchanged or slightly decreased.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.286-291
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• 2022

The effect of root-zone local cooling on seedling growth of tomato was investigated. Lower pipe cooling was used for local cooling of the root zone, and the root zone temperature was set at 20 and 25℃. There was no difference in plant height, root length, and leaf number according to local cooling temperature. Leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight, and chlorophyll content of the shoot and root was higher in the 25℃ than those of 20℃ at 28 DAS. These results showed that cooling for seedling growth of tomato 25℃ is sufficient considering energy efficiency. This study will be helpful in the development of local cooling technology that can reduce the energy required for cooling during the production of tomato seedlings in the high temperature season.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2004

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings exposed to various concentrations of $CdC1_2$ (0∼100 $\mu$M) in the nutrient solution for up to 9 days were analyzed with the seedling growth, $H_2O_2$ production, glutathione levels and activity changes of enzymes related to $H_2O_2$ removal. The growth of seedlings was inhibited with over 50 $\mu$M Cd, whereas the levels of $H_2O_2$ and glutathione were enhanced with Cd exposure level and time. Meanwhile, Cd exposure increased the activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) but decreased the activities of dehydroascorbate acid reductase (DHAR) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in both leaves and roots. These results suggest that the altered activities of antioxidant enzymes particularly involved in the $H_2O_2$ removal and the subsequent $H_2O$$_2$ accumulation could induce the Cd-induced phytotoxicity.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.310-316
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• 2017

This study was analyzed the effects of boron (B), calcium (Ca), silicon (Si) on quality and shelf life of 'Unicorn' cherry tomato at the light red maturity-stage. The storage conditions were modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) by oxygen transmission rate (OTR) packaging film at $5^{\circ}C$, $11^{\circ}C$, and $24^{\circ}C$. Respiration and ethylene production were the lowest in B + Ca + Si -treated tomato fruits. The lowest fresh weight loss and the longest shelf life resulted from the B + Ca + Si treatment. And the firmness was enhanced by B + Ca + Si treatment at harvest time, and it was retained after storage at $5^{\circ}C$, $11^{\circ}C$, and $24^{\circ}C$. Significantly lower soluble solids, lycopene, and color development were found at B + Ca + Si-treated tomato fruits compared with control after storage. Moreover, the highest titratable acidity and vitamin C content were observed in B + Ca + Si-treated tomato fruits after storage. From the above results, it was concluded that B + Ca + Si combined treatment can delay the maturity of cherry tomato after harvesting, and retained the firmness and prolong the shelf life.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.201-208
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• 2016

The main areas for field-grown vegetable production in Iran were surveyed during the years of 2012-2014 to determine the occurrence of begomoviruses infecting these crops. A total of 787 leaf samples were collected from vegetables and some other host plants showing virus-like symptoms and tested by an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using polyclonal antibodies produced against Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). According to the ELISA results, 81 samples (10.3%) positively reacted with the virus antibodies. Begomovirus infections were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using previously described TYLCV-specific primer pair TYLCV-Sar/TYLCV-Isr or universal primer pair Begomo-F/Begomo-R. The PCR tests using the primer pair TYLCV-Sar/TYLCV-Isr resulted in the amplification of the expected fragments of ca. 0.67-kb in size for ELISA-positive samples tested from alfalfa, pepper, spinach and tomato plants, confirming the presence of TYLCV. For one melon sample, having a week reaction in ELISA and no reaction in PCR using TYLCV-specific primers, the PCR reaction using the primer pair Begomo-F/Begomo-R resulted in the amplification fragments of the expected size of ca. 2.8 kb. The nucleotide sequences of the DNA amplicons derived from the isolate, Kz-Me198, were determined and compared with other sequences available in GenBank. BLASTN analysis confirmed the begomovirus infection of the sample and showed 99% identities with Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV); phylogenetic analysis supported the results of the database searches. This study reports the natural occurrence of TYLCV in different hosts in Iran. Our results also reveal the emergence of ToLCNDV in Iranian cucurbit crops.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.199-206
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• 2012

This study was conducted in a glasshouse to examine the possibility of producing tomato plug seedlings in a newly-developed inert phenolic foam medium. Plug seedlings of 'Madison' tomato were grown in four pellet type media, Grodan rockwool, UR rockwool, phenolic foam LC, and phenolic foam LC-lite. Seed germination was checked for 7 days. Seedling growth was measured at 19 days after sowing. The greatest germination was obtained in the phenolic foam LC and phenolic foam LC-lite. Plant height, hypocotyl length, leaf area, dry weight, and fresh weight were significantly greater in the rockwool medium than those in the other media. However, the T/R ratio and stem diameter were the greatest in the phenolic foam LC than those in the other media. The total porosity and container capacity of the phenolic foam LC was higher than in the other media. The air space (%) was lowest in the phenolic foam LC. Overall, the phenolic foam LC and phenolic foam LC-lite produced seedlings with similar growth as the rockwool. These results suggested that both phenolic foam LC and phenolic foam LC-lite have potential to be used in production of plug seedlings of 'Madison' tomato.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.35-43
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• 2015

The purpose of the research is to analyze damages of TYLCV (Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus) in the context of climate changes and to find the spatial distribution of the damages and characteristics of regions. A TYLCV is generally known for a plant disease related to temperature. Its occurrence rate increases when temperature rises. This disease first occurred in 2008 and rapidly spread nationwide. Due to the spread of a TYLCV, a number of Tomato farms in Korea were damaged severely. To analyze damages of the pest in the context of climate changes, this research estimated production loss under the current situation and RCP scenarios. Additionally, Hot Spot Analysis, LISA, and Cluster analysis were conducted to find spatial distribution and properties of largely damaged regions under RCP scenarios. The results explained that additional production loss was estimated differently by regions with the same temperature rising scenario. Also, largely damaged regions are spatially clustered and factors causing large damages were different across regional cluster groups. It means that certain regions can be damaged more than others by diseases and pests. Furthermore, pest management policy should reflect the properties of each region such as climate conditions, cultivate environment and production technologies. The findings from this research can be utilized for developing rural management plans and pest protection policies.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.88-94
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• 2012

This study was carried out in order to investigate the effect of temperature of treatment and storage on the longevity of 'Unicorn' tomatoes of light red maturity stage during commercial handling conditions encountered while exporting over long distances. Tomato stored at $5^{\circ}C$ and $11^{\circ}C$ temperature with 85% relative humidity by pre-treating handling temperature that was using from field to before shipment as a winter temperature $5^{\circ}C$, spring temperature $11^{\circ}C$ and summer temperature $25^{\circ}C$ for 3 days. On the final storage day, $25^{\circ}C/11^{\circ}C$ (treated/stored) tomatoes showed the highest respiration and ethylene production rate; whereas the lowest respiration and ethylene production rate was found for $5^{\circ}C/5^{\circ}C$ treated and stored tomatoes. Tomatoes treated and stored at $5^{\circ}C/5^{\circ}C$ showed higher marketability, without evidence of fungal rot, decay or spots for 23 days. The fresh weight loss under all treatment conditions increased gradually during $5^{\circ}C$ and $11^{\circ}C$ storage temperatures. The higher firmness and soluble solids were determined from $5^{\circ}C/5^{\circ}C$ and $5^{\circ}C/11^{\circ}C$ treated and stored tomatoes repectively, than from others tomatoes on the final day of storage. In addition, $5^{\circ}C/5^{\circ}C$ tomatoes showed higher vitamin C contents than tomatoes stored at other temperatures, on the final day of storage. As the ripening and storage period progressed, the titratable acidity increased, but declined (P < 0.05) thereafter, due to over ripe tomatoes under all treatment conditions. These results show that $5^{\circ}C/5^{\circ}C$ treated and stored light red maturity stages of 'Unicorn' tomatoes are optimum to export because they show the highest storability and marketability. Moreover, the marketability of light red maturity stage of 'Unicorn' tomato maintained for 2 weeks in $25^{\circ}C/11^{\circ}C$ treated and stored temperature that might be the export temperature from Korea to Japan in summer season. This research result could be useful in helping tomato growers and exporters to get optimum market value by satisfying the buyer and consumer with a fresher product.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.257-266
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the growth characteristics of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. 'Joeunbaekdadagi') and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Dotaerang Dia') seedlings by light intensities and CO₂ concentrations in a closed-type plant production system (CPPS). Cucumber and tomato seeds were sown in 50-cell trays and germinated in CPPS at air temperature 25 ± 1℃ and relative humidity 50 ± 10% for 4 days. After germination, the CO₂ concentrations and light intensity treatment were treated at 500 (ambient), 1,000, and 1,500 µmol·mol^-1 and 100, 200, and 300 µmol·m^-2·s^-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), respectively. The leaf area of cucumber showed the highest value in CO₂ 1,500 μmol·mol^-1. However, the leaf area of the tomato had no significant difference in CO₂ concentrations and light intensities treatments. In cucumber and tomato both seedlings, the growth and quality such as compactness and leaf area rate were increased with the increase of light intensity, and there were highest in 300 µmol·m^-2·s^-1. The root surface and number of root tips of cucumber and tomato seedlings were significantly increased with the increase in light intensity. In conclusion, the regulation of the CO₂ concentrations and light intensity can control the growth and quality of cucumber and tomato seedlings in CPPS, especially, increasing the light intensity can improve more significantly the growth and quality of seedlings.