• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.435-444
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• 2018

Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) are involved in plant development and disease resistance. Only some of the RLPs in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) have been functionally characterized though 176 genes encoding RLPs, which have been identified in the tomato genome. To further understand the role of RLPs in tomato, we performed genome-guided classification and transcriptome analysis of these genes. Phylogenic comparisons revealed that the tomato RLP members could be divided into eight subgroups and that the genes evolved independently compared to similar genes in Arabidopsis. Based on location and physical clustering analyses, we conclude that tomato RLPs likely expanded primarily through tandem duplication events. According to tissue specific RNA-seq data, 71 RLPs were expressed in at least one of the following tissues: root, leaf, bud, flower, or fruit. Several genes had expression patterns that were tissue specific. In addition, tomato RLP expression profiles after infection with different pathogens showed distinguish gene regulations according to disease induction and resistance response as well as infection by bacteria and virus. Notably, Some RLPs were highly and/or unique expressed in susceptible tomato to pathogen, suggesting that the RLP could be involved in disease response, possibly as a host-susceptibility factor. Our study could provide an important clues for further investigations into the function of tomato RLPs involved in developmental and response to pathogens.

• 식물병연구
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.94-98
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• 2015

Tomato black leaf molds were collected from the six metropolitan cities, which were occurred mainly from the end of August until November. There was no significant difference on the fungal growth between potato dextrose agar and tomato-oatmeal agar media. The mycelial growth of the fungus was robust at a relatively high temperature, from 28 to $30^{\circ}C$. The suppression rates of hyphal growth ranged from 17-98% on the media supplemented with four different chemicals such as difenoconazole, fluquinconazole and prochloraz manganese complex, metconazole, and flutianil and there is no different suppression rates of the fungicides on the tested Pseudocercospora fuligena isolates.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.181-190
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• 2023

The fungal pathogen Pseudocercospora fuligena, known to affect tomatoes in the tropics and subtropics, has been reported from temperate climates including the United States and Turkey in recent years. In this study, an isolate from fresh tomatoes and the disease it causes were characterized and infection mechanisms investigated. Macroscopically, both sides of tomato leaves show indistinct effuse patches but prolific production of fuliginous lesions is conspicuous on the abaxial side first but also on the adaxial side later on as infection progressed. Microscopically, fascicles of conidiophores (11-128 ㎛ × 3.5-9 ㎛) arising from stromata and conidia with up to 12 septations were observed. Molecular characterization of the isolate revealed high homology (99.8%) to other P. fuligena isolated from tomatoes in Turkey. Out of the 10 media tested, P. fuligena grew significantly well and sporulated better on unsealed tomato oatmeal agar and carrot leaf decoction agar, both supplemented with CaCO₃. Direct transfer of conidia from profusely sporulating lesions was the easiest and quickest method of isolation for in-vitro studies. Light and scanning electron microscopy on cleared and intact tomato leaves further confirmed stomatal penetration and egress as well as prevalence of primary and secondary infection hyphae. In situ, blocked stomatal aperture areas of 154, 401, and 2,043 ㎛² were recorded at 7, 12, and 17 days after inoculation, respectively. With the recent expanded horizon of the pathosystem and its consequential impact, such studies will be useful for a proper diagnosis, identification and management of the disease on tomato worldwide.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.77-90
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• 2023

Today, crops face many characteristics/diseases. Insect damage is one of the main characteristics/diseases. Insecticides are not always effective because they can be toxic to some birds. It will also disrupt the natural food chain for animals. A common practice of plant scientists is to visually assess plant damage (leaves, stems) due to disease based on the percentage of disease. Plants suffer from various diseases at any stage of their development. For farmers and agricultural professionals, disease management is a critical issue that requires immediate attention. It requires urgent diagnosis and preventive measures to maintain quality and minimize losses. Many researchers have provided plant disease detection techniques to support rapid disease diagnosis. In this review paper, we mainly focus on artificial intelligence (AI) technology, image processing technology (IP), deep learning technology (DL), vector machine (SVM) technology, the network Convergent neuronal (CNN) content Detailed description of the identification of different types of diseases in tomato and potato plants based on image retrieval technology (CBIR). It also includes the various types of diseases that typically exist in tomato and potato. Content-based Image Retrieval (CBIR) technologies should be used as a supplementary tool to enhance search accuracy by encouraging you to access collections of extra knowledge so that it can be useful. CBIR systems mainly use colour, form, and texture as core features, such that they work on the first level of the lowest level. This is the most sophisticated methods used to diagnose diseases of tomato plants.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.323-329
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• 2016

큰느타리버섯(Pleurotus eryngii) 수확 후 배지(spent mushroom substrate, SMS)의 물 추출액(WESMS)을 처리한 토마토 식물체는 토마토 풋마름병을 70% 이상 억제하였으며 페놀 성분(3%)과 salicylic acid 함량이 증가되었다. 또한 큰느타리 WESMS 처리 토마토는, 초장, 엽폭, 입장, 입수, 줄기와 뿌리 생체량 등에서 물 처리 및 큰느타리버섯 배지만을 사용한 대조군에 비하여 높은 생육 촉진 효과를 보였다. 이는 큰느타리 WESMS가 병 저항성유도와 생육촉진의 토마토 복합기능성으로 환경친화적 풋마름병 방제에 유용하게 활용될 수 있음을 나타낸다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.311-318
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• 2015

Culture filtrates of six different edible mushroom species were screened for antimicrobial activity against tomato wilt bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum B3. Hericium erinaceus, Lentinula edodes (Sanjo 701), Grifola frondosa, and Hypsizygus marmoreus showed antibacterial activity against the bacteria. Water, n-butanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of H. erinaceus exhibited high antibacterial activity against different phytopathogenic bacteria: Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, R. solanacearum, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, X. campestris pv. campestris, X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, X. axonopodis pv. citiri, and X. axonopodis pv. glycine. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that water extracts of SMS (WESMS) of H. erinaceus induced expressions of plant defense genes encoding ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase (GluA) and pathogenesis-related protein-1a (PR-1a), associated with systemic acquired resistance. Furthermore, WESMS also suppressed tomato wilt disease caused by R. solanacearum by 85% in seedlings and promoted growth (height, leaf number, and fresh weight of the root and shoot) of tomato plants. These findings suggest the WESMS of H. erinaceus has the potential to suppress bacterial wilt disease of tomato through multiple effects including antibacterial activity, plant growth promotion, and defense gene induction.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.376-383
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• 2022

이번 연구는 토마토잎곰팡이병 및 점무늬병에 대한 방제력을 개발하고, 온도와 잎의 결로시간에 따른 발생정도를 평가하기 위해 수행되었습니다. 첫 번째 병발생 예측 실험에서는 토마토묘에 Fulvia fulva, Stemphylium lycopersici 분생포자를 각각 1 × 10⁴ conidia·mL^-1로 접종시키고 10-25℃(F. fulva) 및 10-30℃(S. lycopersici)에서 0-18시간 동안 이슬생육상에 두었다. 살균제를 이용한 방제 연구에서는 잎곰팡이병 방제를 위하여 트리미다졸, 폴리옥신 B, 이미녹타딘 트리스(Belkut)를 처리하였으며 점무늬병 방제를 위하여서는 에트리디아졸 + 티오파네이트(가지란)과 삼염기 황산구리(세빈나)를 처리하였다. 엽결로시간이 9시간 이상에서 잎곰팡이와 점무니병이 발생하였으며 결로시간이 길어질수록 병발생률이 높았다. 잎곰팡이병의 발생률은 20℃와 15℃에서 더 높았고, 점무늬병은 25℃와 20℃에서 발병률이 증가하였다. 포자 접종 14일 후에 잎곰팡이병 및 점무늬병이 발생하였으며 잠복기는 14-15일로 추정되었다. 잎곰팡이 및 점무늬병 포자가 처리된 식물체에 접종 후 0시간부터 240시까지 살균제 처리를 한 결과 살균제 종류와 상관없이 일찍 약제를 처리한 식물체에서 방제가가 높았으며 150시간이 지난 처리에서는 방제가가 급격히 떨어졌다. 이번연구에서 개발된 병예측모델과 방제력은 토마토의 잎곰팡이병과 점무늬병을 적기에 방제하고 효과적으로 관리하는 데 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.508-518
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• 2016

Early blight of tomato caused by Alternaria solani, is responsible for severe yield losses in tomato. The conidia survive on soil surface and old dry lower leaves of the plant and spread when suitable climatic conditions are available. Macroclimatic study reveals that highest inoculum concentration of Alternaria spores appeared in May 2012 to 2013 and lowest concentration during January 2012 to 2013. High night temperature positively correlated and significantly (P < 0.01) involved in conidial spore dispersal and low relative humidity (RH) displayed significant (P < 0.05) but negative correlation with conidial dispersal. The objective of the study was to modify microclimatic conditions of tomato crop canopy which may hamper conidial dispersal and reduce disease severity. We evaluated effect of marigold intercropping and plastic mulching singly and in consortia on A. solani conidial density, tomato leaf damage and microclimatic parameters as compar to tomato alone (T). Tomato-marigold intercropping-plastic mulching treatment (T + M + P) showed 35-39% reduction in disease intensity as compared to tomato alone. When intercropped with tomato, marigold served as barrier to conidial movement and plastic mulching prevented evapotranspiration and reduced the canopy RH that resulted in less germination of A. solani spores. Marigold intercropping and plastic mulching served successfully as physical barrier against conidial dissemination to diminish significantly the tomato foliar damage produced by A. solani.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.3312-3327
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• 2020

Plant diseases are a significant yield and quality constraint for farmers around the world due to their severe impact on agricultural productivity. Such losses can have a substantial impact on the economy which causes a reduction in farmer's income and higher prices for consumers. Further, it may also result in a severe shortage of food ensuing violent hunger and starvation, especially, in less-developed countries where access to disease prevention methods is limited. This research presents an investigation of Directional Local Quinary Patterns (DLQP) as a feature descriptor for plants leaf disease detection and Support Vector Machine (SVM) as a classifier. The DLQP as a feature descriptor is specifically the first time being used for disease detection in horticulture. DLQP provides directional edge information attending the reference pixel with its neighboring pixel value by involving computation of their grey-level difference based on quinary value (-2, -1, 0, 1, 2) in 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° directions of selected window of plant leaf image. To assess the robustness of DLQP as a texture descriptor we used a research-oriented Plant Village dataset of Tomato plant (3,900 leaf images) comprising of 6 diseased classes, Potato plant (1,526 leaf images) and Apple plant (2,600 leaf images) comprising of 3 diseased classes. The accuracies of 95.6%, 96.2% and 97.8% for the above-mentioned crops, respectively, were achieved which are higher in comparison with classification on the same dataset using other standard feature descriptors like Local Binary Pattern (LBP) and Local Ternary Patterns (LTP). Further, the effectiveness of the proposed method is proven by comparing it with existing algorithms for plant disease phenotyping.

• 식물병연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.233-237
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• 2008

국내에서 최근 발견된 Tomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV)가 토마토에 발생하여 큰 피해가 발생하였다. TYLCV의 피해 발생 예방을 위하여 농업현장의 연구지도연구기관에서 쉽고 간편하게 사용할 수 있는 조기 정밀 유전자 진단기술 개발은 매우 중요하다. TYLCV에 대해 특이적 프라이머를 제작하고 특별한 핵산분리 기술이나 도구가 필요 없는 빠르고 정확하며 경제적인 VC/PCR 진단법을 이용한 유전자 진단법을 개발하였다. TYLCV 진단용 프라이머를 22개 제작하여 감염주 및 건전 토마토의 전체 핵산을 이용해 특이성 검정으로 PCR용으로 9점을 선발하였고, VC/PCR 진단법 용으로 9종을 선발하였다. 이러한 두 가지 진단법에 모두 특이적인 프라이머를 6종을 선발한 후 TLCV로 알려진 다른 Geminivirus와의 특이성 검정결과로 총 4종이 최종 선발하였다. 이들 중 Deng(540,541) 프라이머는 Ceminivirus를 진단할 수 있는 degenerate 프라이머로 VC/PCR진단법이 개발 되었다.