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Human CYP1A2 Promoter Fused-Luciferase Gene Constructs Hardly Respond to Polycyclic Hydrocarbons in Transient Transfection Study in HepG2 Cells

  • Chung, Injae
    • Toxicological Research
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    • 제16권2호
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    • pp.95-100
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    • 2000
  • In previous study, both constitutive expression and 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC)-mediated elevation of CYP1A2 mRNA were demonstrated in human hepatoma HepG2 cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), suggesting that HepG2 cells would be appropriate for the study of human CYP1A2 regulation(Chung and Bresnick, 1994). Further studies were conducted to determine the basis of this induction phenomenon that is observed in HepG2 cells. Since CYP1A1 gene, another polycyclic hydrocarbon(PH)-inducible gene, is regulated by PHs through their interactions via receptors with cis-elements, the 5'-flanking region of human CYP 1A2 gene was analyzed to search such responsive elements. The promoter activity of various lengths of CYP1A2 gene sequence (-3203/+58bp) was measured in transiently-transfected HepG2 cells by fusion constructs containing the CAT, hGH or luciferase genes as a reporter. This region of the CYP1A2 gene, although containing a XRE, was only weakly responsive (less than 2 fold induction) to 10 nM of TCDD or 1 $\mu$M 3 MC treatment. This small enhancement of promoter activity is inconsistent with the previous observation, i.e., 12 to 14 fold-enhanced CYP1A2 mRNA from 1 $\mu$M 3 MC treated HepG2 cells, suggesting that additional mechanisms would exist for PH-mediated induction of CYP1A2 in these cells.

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Al/Air 연료전지의 출력특성에 미치는 KOH 전해질과 H2O2 감극제의 영향 (Effect of KOH Electrolyte and H2O2 Depolarizer on the Power Characteristics of Al/Air Fuel Cells)

  • 김용혁
    • 전기학회논문지P
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    • 제64권4호
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    • pp.303-307
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    • 2015
  • The effects of additive such as $H_2O_2$ in KOH electrolyte solution for the Aluminum/Air fuel cell were investigated with regard to electric power characteristics. The power generated by a Al/Air fuel cell was controlled by the KOH electrolyte solution and $H_2O_2$ depolarizer. Higher cell power was achieved when higher KOH electrolyte concentration and higher $H_2O_2$ depolarizer amount. The maximum power was increased by the increase amount $H_2O_2$ depolarizer, it was found that $H_2O_2$ depolarizer inhibits the generation of hydrogen and the polarization effect was reduced as a result. Internal resistance analysis was employed to elucidate the maximum power variation. Higher internal resistance created internal potential differences that drive current dissipating energy. In order to improve the output characteristics of the Al/Air fuel cell, it is thought to be desirable to increase the KOH electrolyte concentration and increase the $H_2O_2$ addition amounts.

고체윤활제 $Cu_2S$첨가 소결청동의 미끄럼 마찰마모특성 연구 (A Study of Sliding Friction and Wear Properties for Bronze added $Cu_2S$ as Solid Lubricants)

  • 이한영;지영명
    • Tribology and Lubricants
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    • 제23권2호
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    • pp.66-72
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    • 2007
  • [ $MoS_2$ ], is a well-known metal sulfide applied as solid lubricants and an additive to prolong the life of sintered bearings under severe conditions. However, the high price of $MoS_2$ limited its wide application. This study is aimed to investigate the possibility far application to solid lubricants for $Cu_2S$ as a substitute of $MoS_2$. Bronzes added $Cu_2S$ and $MoS_2$, are produced by powder metallurgy in this study, and then evaluated their friction and wear properties., as well as sintered bronze. The sliding wear test using pin-on-disc type machine, was conducted at several sliding speeds for three type test pieces sintered bronzes added $Cu_2S$ and $MoS_2$, and sintered bronze without lubricants. Addition of $Cu_2S$ to bronze leads to relatively good friction properties, although it is not so good as addition of $MoS_2$. However, the wear properies of sintered bronze added $Cu_2S$ are better than that of sintered bronze added $MoS_2$.

셀룰러 시스템의 간섭에 의한 D2D 시스템의 Outage 확률 분석 (Outage Probability of the Device-to-Device Communication According to the Interference-to-Signal-Ratio Generated by Cellular Networks)

  • 민현기;서우현;박성수;홍대식
    • 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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    • 제48권1호
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    • pp.55-61
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    • 2011
  • 본 논문에서는 device-to-device (D2D) 시스템이 M 개의 셀룰러 단말기들과 상향 링크의 주파수 자원을 공유할 때 셀룰러 단말기들에 의한 간섭과 D2D 통신 단말기 쌍의 신호의 파워 비에 따른 outage 확률을 분석한다. 이 때, D2D 통신 전송기의 최대 전송 파워는 셀룰러 네트워크에 어떠한 해로운 간섭도 발생하지 않게 하기 위해서 엄격하게 제한된다. 수학적 모델에 의해 D2D 통신 수신기의 outage 확률은 셀룰러 사용자 단말기들에 의해 발생하는 간섭 대 선호 비 및 셀룰러 사용자 단말기의 개수, M에 의한 함수로 표현된다. 또한, 셀룰러 사용자 단말기들에 의해 발생하는 간섭 대 신호 비는 D2D 통신 단말기 쌍, 셀룰러 사용자 단말기들, 및 기지국과의 거리의 함수로 표현된다. 얻어진 outage 확률을 이용해서, D2D 통신 시스템의 신뢰성을 쉽게 평가할 수 있다. 또한, 분석의 타당성을 입증하기 위해 모의실험들을 제공한다.

The Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2'-Fucosyllactose Shows an Immune-Enhancing Effect in a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Mouse Model

  • Seon Ha Jo;Kyeong Jin Kim;Soo-yeon Park;Hyun-Dong Paik;Ji Yeon Kim
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • 제33권3호
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    • pp.356-362
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    • 2023
  • The 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is the richest components in a human milk oligosaccharide. Several studies have reported that 2'-FL has beneficial effects in infants. However, there are few studies on its immune-enhancing effects. This research aimed to examine the immune-enhancing effect of 2'-FL on immunosuppression by cyclophosphamide (CCP) in ICR mice. Mice were orally administered distilled water or 0.5 mg/kg B.W. 2'-FL for 14 days. An immunocompromised mouse model was induced using CCP 80 mg/kg B.W. at 12-14 days. Using the CCP had effects on reducing their body weight, organ weight, spleen index, natural killer (NK) cell activity, and cytokines concentration and expression. This study also used concanavalin A-mediated T-cell proliferation to verify the immune-enhancing effects in the sample. Body weight, spleen index, organ weight, and cytokine levels were measured to estimate the immune-enhancing effects. The body weight at 14 days tended to increase, and the spleen weight and index significantly increased in the 2'-FL group compared to the CCP group. The NK cell activity increased in the 2'-FL group compared to the CCP group, but there was no significant difference. The concentration of interleukin (IL)-2 tended to recover in the 2'-FL group compared to the CCP group. The 2'-FL group showed a significant increase of IL-10 and IFN-gamma concentration compared to the CCP group. In addition, there was a trend of increased IL-10 mRNA expression compared to the CCP group. These results revealed that 2'-FL improved CCP-induced immunosuppression, suggesting that 2'-FL may have the potential to enhance the immune system.

Pd(CF3CO2)2 착화합물 촉매에 의한 방향족 탄소-수소 결합의 활성화 반응 (Activation of Aromatic Carbon-Hydrogen Bonds by Palladium Trifluoroacetate Complexes)

  • 황영애;김동환;백두종
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제50권5호
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    • pp.369-373
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    • 2006
  • Pd(CF3CO2)2-phosphine 및 Pd(CF3CO2)2-sulfide 계를 촉매로 사용하여 styrene의 아릴화반응을 연구하였다. 주 생성물인 trans-stilbene의 수율은 phosphine 치환체의 염기도가 증가할수록 높아졌고 입체장애가 클수록 낮아졌다. arylphosphine에서 styrene으로 aryl 기가 이동하는 현상은 동일한 arylphosphine에 대하여 Pd(CF3CO2)2의 경우가 더 높은 염기도를 가진 Pd(CH3CO2)2의 경우보다 더 많이 나타났으므로 이 반응은 Pd 이온이 먼저 aryl 기에 공격을 하는 친전자성 메커니즘에 의해 진행된다고 본다. 한편 Pd(CF3CO2)2-sulfide보다 Pd(CF3CO2)2-phosphine 계가 더 효과적인 촉매로 작용하였다.

IPTV2.0 서비스를 위한 네트워킹 기술 (Networking Technologies for IPTV2.0 Service)

  • 이경희;윤장우;류원;김봉태
    • 대한임베디드공학회논문지
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    • 제3권4호
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    • pp.218-228
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    • 2008
  • The convergence of broadcasting and telecommunication services is being accelerated by broadband networks, digital broadcasting and Web2.0. This paper describes the definition and service characteristics of IPTV as a representative of broadcasting and telecommunication convergence services. Especially, the changes of infrastructure and technology for IPTV2.0 are addressed in terms of the service features of mobility, intelligence and participation. IPTV2.0 shall be characterized by the open IPTV service based on Web2.0 and the mobile IPTV service over the heterogeneous networks employing various wireless/wired access technologies. The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) and Service Delivery Platform (SDP) technologies are increasingly considered to support the personalization and openness. The mobility management technology is being evolved to provide QoS-guaranteed mobile communication services to users at anytime and anywhere. IPTV2.0 services and platforms are also anticipated to be core components to achieve knowledge-based ubiquitous society. IPTV2.0 contents are required to be integrated with the enhanced metadata to efficiently support search, selection, convergence and delivery of the contents. Moreover, those contents shall be enhanced to provide the scalable services which is adaptable to the network status and user preferences. Therefore, the networking technologies for IPTV2.0 should tightly cooperate with application services and adaptive contents. Those technologies will be developed to construct the ubiquitous content service platform considering the evolution of networks and various converged services.

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만 2-4세 한국 아동의 단모음과 이중모음 산출 특징 (Characteristics of 2 to 4 year old Korean children's production of monophthongs and diphthongs)

  • 송인미;성철재
    • 말소리와 음성과학
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    • 제10권1호
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    • pp.65-74
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    • 2018
  • The purpose of this study is to investigate age-specific features of 2;1- to 4;1-year -olds' production of monophthongs and diphthongs through both auditory perceptual analysis and acoustic analysis. Test material included {vowel+'da'} consisting of 7 monophthongs and 10 diphthongs and meaningful words beginning with vowels. The percentage of correct vowels was used for perceptual analysis and Praat(5.2.12) was used for acoustic analysis, analyzing variables related to monophthongs and diphthongs. The results of this study are as follows: First, perceptual analysis showed that children from an age group of 2;1 to 2;8 years showed significant difference in the accuracy level of both monophthongs and diphthongs as compared to those aged 2;9 to 3;4 years and those aged 3;5 to 4;1 years. Second, the results of acoustic analysis provided that formant (F1 and F2) of monophthong, in general, tended to decrease as age increased. In terms of F2 differentiation slope and regression slope, which were diphthong-related variables, the age group of 3;5 to 4;1 years showed a large general slope change.

ECO2 프로그램을 이용한 공동주택의 단위세대 평면 형태에 따른 에너지 효율 평가 (The Influence of Unit Plan Shapes to the Energy Efficiency of Collective Housing Simulated by ECO2 Software)

  • 김창성
    • KIEAE Journal
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    • 제15권5호
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    • pp.89-94
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    • 2015
  • Purpose: Various policies to reduce the energy consumption have been carried out to save Earth environment against global warming and environmental pollution in many countries. Energy consumption of buildings in Korea has reached 24% of total energy consumption, and energy consumption of apartment has been continuously increasing. Therefore, Korea government has executed building energy efficiency rating certification system to control energy consumption of buildings. Method: This study was conducted to evaluate the energy performance of apartment unit plans according to the increasement of front width of unit plans, and tried to present the basic data to design more energy conscious unit plans for apartments. For the study, three shapes of unit plans -the 2Bay, 3Bay and 4bay unit- were selected for imput models. They were simulated using ECO2 software to assess building energy efficiency rating certification in Korea. Result: According to the results, in cases that balcony windows were not installed, the primary energy consumption of the 3Bay and 4Bay units were less than 2Bay unit, respectively, 0.1% and 2,5%. The primary energy consumption of the 3Bay and 4Bay units, in cases that balcony windows were installed, was less than 2Bay unit, respectively, 1.7% and 3.2%.

가상커뮤니티 활동성이 P2P서비스 이용도에 미치는 영향 (The Influence of Activities in Virtual Communities on Usage of P2P Services)

  • 김창규;김상훈
    • 한국IT서비스학회지
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    • 제6권3호
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    • pp.69-86
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    • 2007
  • As most of firms related with P2P services change their free services into fee-charging services, the problems of intellectual property rights are solved to satisfactory extent. Accordingly, P2P systems become more popular with the general public. In this respect, it is thought to be very important to research on the critical factors affecting usage of P2P systems. Although it is strongly expected that the characteristics of users activities in virtual communities affect the intention to re-use P2P systems, relatively few attention have been paid to this question. Therefore, this paper is to present empirical evidence to explain how the characteristics of users activities in virtual communities affect re-use intention of P2P services. The theoretical contribution of this study is that the characteristics of users activities in virtual communities is theoretically derived from the comprehensive literature review and the logical reasoning, and that the research model of the relationship between the users activities' characteristics in virtual community and the re-use intention of P2P services is proposed and empirically validated, which is expected to expand explaining power of the TAM(Technological Acceptance Model). Also, the practical implication is to provide the guideline to support the successful strategic planning for development and.operation of P2P services through the virtual communities.