• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.472-500
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• 1996

Researches on mineral nutrition, physiology and phyrsiological diseases, . cultivaction methods. brceding. pest control quality management and extension during 1976-1995 in Korea were reviewed Review in brceding and pest control was restricted to the researches directely related to cultivaction. Mineral nulrient up take. partion and varicos factors such as top dreasing. Light intersity etc. and interrelationship between minerals were investigated. Top dressing was not effective due to low minera1 requorement Physiological characteristics on tempelature light and water were well elucidated and applied to assess traditional cultivation method and its inovation. Photosyrnthetic pigments. light harvest proteins and activity of related enzymes were studied. In nitrogen metabolism arginine, praline, ammonium, threonine appeared to have important role in re growth of shoot Saponin metabolism was studied in relation to growth and new ginsenosides were found but physiological role of saponin was not clearly elucidated yet Endogenous growth regulators were reported and various erogenous growth regulators were studied for growth stimulation. short stem and seed pruning etc. Various physiological diseases were investigated for cause and control measures were established. Water culture was little studied Forest culture was studied but not retched the recommendable stage Drip irrigation straw mulching. seasonal shading and soil preparation method including soil fertility adjustment were established for practical application. Shading materials completely changed to polyethylene net and materials of polymers The research on ginseng cultivation in paddy field opened the way to establish the permanent ginseng cultivation plantation Ginseng harvester and seeder were developed in the late 1950s. Transplanted and many other machines were developed in the early 1990s. In ginseng breeding only pure line selection was of practical significance several verities were at the stage of seed propagation at ginseng plantations. Mutation breeding (${\gamma}$-ray. X-ray chemicals) was not successful. The research on plantlet formation through tissue culture was a little progressed but still far behind to vegetative propagation. Disease control research was concentrated in the isolation and identification of pathogans. their ecological charactelistics and biological control and soil humigation. Potato root rot nematodes was found and control method was established. Insect and small animal control research was greatly progresses in identification, ecological investigation, and ecological and physical control. Weed control was less important due to the development of mulching method of ridge and ditch. Quality factors of raw ginseng in relation to red ginseng process were extensively studied. Traditional quality measures were elucidated in accordance with modern analytical chemistry resulting in the importance of peptides in the centrat part rather than ginsenosides For large root production growth promoting rootzone micrcorganisms (PGPRM) were isolated and active compounds were identified. Field test on PGPRM was on going. Varictus methods formality improvement through cultivation were developed. Management research of ginseng production was rare Extension was active throuch official and private organizations and through workshop for the extension specialists, and direct lectures to grower's. Extension services made the researcher to understand the existing problems at grower's fields. Research environment for ginseng production was in prime time only for three years when Korea Ginseng Research Institute was established then gradually aggravated.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was designed to investigate the methods for the functional elevations of sperm-host (utero-vaginal, U-V) glands in domestic hens. The laying hens were assigned to five groups of low-, medium-, high- fecundity, gonadotrophin-, and caffeinetreated hen groups, these group hens were sacrified at interval after last artificial inseminations (AI). Number of U-V gland observed in tissue preparation of each hen U-V region were investigated, and also the appearance rates of spermatozoa-contained U-V glands were calculated. 1. In low-fecundity hen groups, the appearance rates of spermatozoa-contained U-V glands were found to be 13.5, 15.6, 11.8, 13.6, 2.3, 0, and 0% respectively at the hens of 1, 3, 7, 10, 13, 16, and 19 days after AI. 2. In medium-fecunditiy hen groups, the appearance rates of spermatozoa-contained U-V glands were found to be 21.7, 22.7, 13.4, 10.4, 10.0, 7.7 and 0% respectively at the hens of 1, 3, 7, 10, 13, 16, and 19 days after AI. 3. In high-fecundity hen groups, the appearance rates of spermatozoa-contained U-V glands were found to be 30.8, 31.8, 28.9, 13.0, 10.3, 10.8, and 0.9 respectively at the hen of 1, 3, 7, 10, 13, 16, and 19 days after AI. 4. In gonadotrophin-treated hen groups, the appearance rates of spermatozoa-contained U-V glands were found to be 31.8, 33.7, 32.3, 17.3, 12.0, 5.0, and 1.0% respectively at hens of 1, 3, 7, 10, 13, 16, and 19 days after AI. 5. In caffeine-treated hen groups, the appearance rates of spermatozoa-contained U-V glands were found to be 33.2, 29.2, 22.4, 17.8, 12.7, 0, and 1.1% respectively at hens of 1, 3, 7, 10, 13, 16, and 19 days after AI. 6. The appearance rates of completely filled U-V glands and partially filled U-V glands of spermatozoa-contained U-V glands were found to be 3.8:1. So we suggested as follows: The appearance rates of spermatozoa-contained glands tend to be high from 1 day after AI to 7 days and tend to declined rapidly from 10 days. Also higher fecundity hen groups tend to be higher in the appearance rates and longer in spermatozoa-contained duration in U-V glands than in lower fecundity hen groups. Gonadotrophin hormone tend to increase the appearance rates of spermatozoa-contained U-V glands than those in control group, whereas caffeine tend to increase those rates at 1 day and to declined more rapidly from 3 day than in control group.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.139-149
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• 2005

In order to study about the lobule and layer formation and cell migration of the mouse cerebellum from at the birth to 15th day effected by 2.5, 5 and 10 Gy r-raddiation at the 19th pregnancy. The routine tissue preparation and staining procedure, Immunohistochemical staining method by the several antibody and western brotting method were utilized from the birth to the15th day. The results were as followings. 1. The body and cerebellum weights were more slowly increase of the the 2.5 Gy, 5 Gy and 10 Gy irradiation group compare to the control group, and the health condition of the 2.5 Gy group was a little bad. but the 10 Gy group was more severe and begun to die from the 12th day after birth. 2. The thickness, proliferation and migration of the 2.5, 5 and 10 Gy irradiated external granular cells from the maginal zone to the medullary area forming the molecular layer from the 6th day to the 15th day after birth were thinner, weaker and more slower according to the radiated dosages than the control group in the cresyl violet staining. 3. The proliteration, migration and lobulation of the 5 Gy radiated groups from the first day to the 15th day after birth were more weak, incomplete and irregular shape in the immunostaining with Dab, Cdk5, P35, calbindin and Zebrin antibody. 4. In the western blotting analysis using the Reelin, Dab, Cdk5 and P35 antibody. The Bands were in the 60 KD, 80 KD, 33 KD and 35 KD, and there were no differences between the control and irradiated groups in the molecular band except the Reelin. 5. As a results, the proliferation and migration of the outer granular and purkinje cells, and lobulation of the cerebellum by the several dosaege of the ${\gamma}$-ray radiation were proportionally incomplete according to dosage.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2006

As a part of the investigation for utilizing pearl oyster by-products, a rapid salt-fermented pearl oyster using commercial enzyme was prepared and also examined on the characteristics. The salt-fermented pearl oyster prepared by optimal condition, which was prepared by mixing of minced pearl oyster, 15% salt, and 1% $Protamex^\circledR$ and fermented for 4 weeks, was superior in hydrolysis degree (28.7%) and ACE inhibitory activity (92.6%) to salt-fermented pearl oyster prepared by other conditions, such as the use of whole tissue, different enzymes $(Alcalase^\circledR,\;Neutrase^\circledR\;and\;Flavourzyme^\circledR)$, different salt concentrations (20 and 25%), and different fermentation periods (2, 6 and 8 weeks). There were, however, some shortcomings with this product. It showed a dark green color and an unfavorable bitter taste. These shortcomings were improved by the addition of seasoning paste. The calcium and phosphorus contents of the seasoned salt-fermented pearl oyster were 64.2 mg/100 g and 71.6 mg/100 g, respectively, and the calcium content based on phosphorus was a good ratio for absorbing calcium. The total amino acid content of the seasoned and salt-fermented pearl oyster was 7,054 mg/100 g and the major amino acids ware aspartic acid (555.1 mg/100 g), glutamic acid (1,131.2 mg/100 g), alanine (658.2 mg/100 g), and lysine (695.5 mg/100 g). The seasoned salt-fermented pearl oyster, along with angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity (98.3%), also showed a recognizable level (87.5%) of anti-oxidative activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.145-252
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• 1987

Isolated rat adipocytes are well known to possess opposite pathways of lipid metabolism: lipolysis and ipogenesis. Both of the metabolism respond to various biologically active substances such as epinephrine, ACTH and insulin. Epinephrine and ACTH stimulate lipolysis and insulin accelerates lipogenesis. Recently, Korean red ginseng powder was found to contain adenosine and an acidic poptide which inhibited epinephrine-induced lipolysis and sl imulated insulin-mediated lipogenesis from added glucose. The acidic peptide is consisted mainly of glutamic acid and glucose. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Re inhibited ACTH-induced lipolysis in isolated rat adipocytes, while they did not affect insulinstimulated lipogenesis, Thus, all these substances extracted from Korean red ginseng exhibited selective modulations toward the opposite metabolic pathways in rat adipocyte; They inhibited the lipolysis but not the lipogenesis. We call these substances"selective modulators". Recently, we isolated a toxic substance named "toxohormone-L " from ascites fluid of patients with various malignant tumors. The toxohormone-L stimulated lipolysis in rat adipocytes and induced anorexia in rats. Both the lipolytic and the anorexigenic actions of toxohormone-L were found to be inhibited by ginsenoside Rb2 in Korean red ginseng. Based on these results, physiological signifi¬cances of these substances in Korean red ginseng were discussed. Pan ax ginseng is a medicinal plant long used in treatment of various pathological states including general complaints such as head ache, shoulder ache, chilly constitution and anorexia in cancer patients, There have been many pharmacological studies on Panax ginseng roots. Petkovllreported that oral administration of an aqueous alcoholic extract of ginseng roots decreased the blood sugar levtl of rabbits. Saito2lreported that Panax ginseng suppressed hyperglycemia induced by epinephrine and high carbohydrate diets. These findings suggest that Panax ginseng roots contain insulin-like substances. Previously, we demonstrated that gin¬seng roots contain an insulin-like peptide which inhibits epinephrine-induced lipolysis and stimulated insulin-mediated lipogenesis. In 1984, we suggested that such an insulin-like substance should be called a selective modulator4). Present investigation describes the details of the selective modulators in ginseng roots. During progressive weight loss in patients with various neoplastic disease, depletion of fat stores have been observed. The depletion of body fat during growth of neoplasms is associated with increase in plasma free fatty acids. Recently, we found that the ascites fluid from patients with hepatoma or ovarian tumor and the pleural fluid from patients with malignant lymphoma elicited fatty acid release in slices of rat adipose tissue in vitro. The lipolytic factor, named"toxohormone-L". was purifed from the ascites fluid of patients with hepatoma. The isolated preparation gave a single band on both disc gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)-acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of ${\beta}$-mercaptoethanol. Its molecular weight was determined to be 70,000-75,000 and 65,000 by SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation, respectively. Injection of toxohormone-L into the lateral ventricle of rats significantly suppressed food and water intakes. There was at least 5 hr delay between its injection and appearance of its suppressive effect. In the present study, we also tried to find a inhibitory substance toward toxohormone-L from root powder of ginseng.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.351-358
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• 2016

Consistent with a previous study on the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (BPH) (Seo et al., 2009), we identified seven distinct EPG waveforms (np, L1, L2, L3, L4-a, L4-b, and L5) in adult female Laodelphax striatellus (SBPH) that fed on rice plants, by using the direct current electrical penetration graph (DC-EPG) system. The shape of waveforms and the pattern of occurrence of each waveform of SBPH were very similar to those of BPH. L3 and L4-a always occurred prior to L4-b. Periodical honeydew excretion was observed in L4-b only. Microsection observation following laser stylectomy revealed that the tips of SBPH stylets severed in L3, L4-a, and L4-b were commonly located in or near the phloem region of rice plants, but were located in the xylem in L5. Plant sap flowed from the stylets severed in L4-b only, and its main carbohydrate component was detected as sucrose by HPLC analysis. These results and the patterns of EPG waveform progress in SBPH suggested that feeding activities on rice plant tissue were relevant to each EPG waveform. L1 and L2 corresponded to the initiation of stylet penetration and stylet movement with salivation on the outside of the vascular bundle. L3 and L4-a were related to feeding activities within the phloem region in preparation for phloem sap ingestion. L4-b was closely associated with phloem sap ingestion, and L5 corresponded to xylem feeding behavior.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.199-205
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• 2012

Although the stainless steel crowns have been recognized as the most effective and durable form of restoration for primary molars, they have been regarded by many dentists as having definite demerits such as invasive nature of procedural complexity and behavioral aspects of children. As an alternative to conventional technique of stainless steel crown restoration, the Hall technique was first introduced in 1988, which is characterized by just pushing the pre-contoured, cement filled crown form onto the abutment molar with no local anesthesia, no caries removal, no tooth preparation. According to several reports, this can slow, arrest, or even reverse the progress of caries. In addition, its atraumatic feature gives less discomfort and stress to children than conventional one, which is thought excellent especially in younger children. Also, It has been reported to be effective and acceptable to dentist, child patients and their parents. In this case study, three children with age of 4 years 5 months, 4 years 10 months, 6 years 4 months were treated with stainless steel crowns using Hall technique on first primary molar respectively. The teeth were free from pulpal, periapical pathology. After follow up of about 3 to 6 months period, the results showed clinically successful outcomes without any marked complication in pulp, tooth or soft tissue till now. But, it should be kept in mind that this technique is not proper to every child, every carious molar, or every dentist. Thorough distinction of indicated cases and continuous follow-up check is highly required. Conclusively, Hall technique might be an effective and realistic minimally invasive alternative for the carious primary molars especially in younger or disabled children, despite potential doubts on its efficacy and some definite limitations.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 1991

Experiments were performed in mice(Balb/C) to support the basic efficacy of the human immunoglobulin (IgG) preparation. The antibacterial activity of IgG purified from human sera was examined with or without the quinolone agent, ciprofloxacin(CPFX), against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens. Results were as follows: Antibacterial activities in terms of the percentage of survivors, after administration of Ps. aeruginosa into mouse intraperitoneal cavity were in the following order, single IgG group, CPFX administration after IgG pretreatment group, IgG and CPFX combined administration group and CPFX alone group. The number of living bacteria was monitored in blood and liver tissue of mice infected with Ps. aeriginosa and treated by IgG administration. The increase of living bacteria in liver was more drastic than that in blood. Leukocytosis was observed in mice injected with IgG, excluding those only with ciprofloxacin, after 8 hours of administration to see a decrease to normal number of bacteria after 18 hours. No significant difference was noticed between pretreatment group and post treatment group. In vitro susceptibility test of IgG against Ps. aeruginosa, minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) was $250{\mu}g/ml$, resistant to IgG, regardless of a combined administration with CPFX. In vitro test revealed that the IgG itself did not have anti-Ps. aeruginosa activity.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.385-395
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• 2012

This clinical report presents the case using overlay dentures to treat a patient with cleft lip and palate and malocclusion. This patient requires vigorous treatment such as orthodontic treatment and combined orthodontic/oral surgery procedures. Overlay denture can be used as an alternative treatment option. Intraoral and radiographic examinations were done. The vertical dimension of occlusion was evaluated for proper prosthetic procedures and the surveying in the diagnostic cast was done. Considering the tissue and teeth undercut, the alterations of teeth shape were done. Final preparation and impression was performed. After the evaluation of vertical dimension and occlusion with wax-denture, the dentures were polymerized. Clinical remounting and occlusal adjustment were done on the articulator. Overlay dentures were delivered and the patient was recalled for relining. The overlay dentures satisfied patient's esthetic and functional requirements and provided a stable occlusion. Overlay dentures in this case were a reversible and relatively inexpensive treatment for this patient, however the potential possibilities of caries and periodontal disease as a result of poor oral hygiene should be prevented with periodic recall.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2015

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and reversible airway obstruction. Methacholine (MCh) is widely used in broncho-provocation test to evaluate airway resistance. For experimental investigation, ovalbumin-induced sensitization is frequently used in rodents (Ova-asthma). However, albeit the inflammatory histology and AHR in vivo, it remains unclear whether the MCh sensitivity of airway smooth muscle isolated from Ova-asthma is persistently changed. In this study, the contractions of airways in precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) from control, Ova-asthma, and IL-13 overexpressed transgenic mice (IL-13TG) were compared by analyzing the airway lumen space (AW). The airway resistance in vivo was measured using plethysmograph. AHR and increased inflammatory cells in BAL fluid were confirmed in Ova-asthma and IL-13TG mice. In the PCLS from all three groups, MCh concentration-dependent narrowing of airway lumen (${\Delta}AW$) was observed. In contrast to the AHR in vivo, the $EC_{50}$ of MCh for ${\Delta}AW$ from Ova-asthma and IL-13TG were not different from control, indicating unchanged sensitivity to MCh. Although the AW recovery upon MCh-washout showed sluggish tendency in Ova-asthma, the change was also statistically insignificant. Membrane depolarization-induced ${\Delta}AW$ by 60 mM $K^+$ (60K-contraction) was larger in IL-13TG than control, whereas 60K-contraction of Ova-asthma was unaffected. Furthermore, serotonin-induced ${\Delta}AW$ of Ova-asthma was smaller than control and IL-13TG. Taken together, the AHR in Ova-asthma and IL-13TG are not reflected in the contractility of isolated airways from PCLS. The AHR of the model animals seems to require intrinsic agonists or inflammatory microenvironment that is washable during tissue preparation.