• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.193-198
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• 2006

Many gastrointestinal muscles show electrical oscillation, so-called 'slow wave', originated from interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs). Thus, a technique to freshly isolate the cells is indispensable to explore the electrophysiological properties of the ICCs. To apply an enzyme solution on the serosal surface for cell isolation, the intestine was inverted and 0.02% trypsin solution and 0.04% collagenase solution were applied to serosal cavity. After the enzyme treatment, mucosal layer was removed and longitudinal muscle layer was gently separated from the rest of tissue. The thin layer was stretched in the recording chamber and mounted on an inverted microscope. Using ${\beta}-escine$, perforated whole cell patch clamp technique was used. Under a microscope, the tissue showed smooth muscle cells and interstitial cells around the myenteric plexus. Under voltage clamp condition, three types of membrane potential were recorded. One group of interstitial cells, which were positive to methylene blue and CD34, showed spontaneous outward current. These cells had bipolar shape and were considered as fibroblast-like cells because of their peculiar shape and arrangement. Another group, positive to c-kit and methylene blue, showed spontaneous inward current. These cells had more rounded shape and processes and were considered as ICCs. The third, positive to c-kit and had granules containing methylene blue, showed quiet membrane potentials under the voltage-clamp mode. These cells appeared to be resident macrophages. Therefore, in the freshly isolated thin tissue preparation, methylene blue could easily identify three types of cells rather than morphological properties. Using this method, we were able to study electrical properties of fibroblast and residential macrophage as well as myenteric ICCs.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.141-150
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• 2016

Background: Adipocyte-macrophage communication plays a critical role regulating white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammatory gene expression. Because WAT inflammation contributes to the development of metabolic diseases, there is significant interest in understanding how exogenous compounds regulate the adipocyte-macrophage crosstalk. An aqueous (AQ) extract of North American (NA) ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) was previously shown to have strong inflammo-regulatory properties in adipocytes. This study examined whether different ginseng extracts influence adipocyte-macrophage crosstalk, as well as WAT inflammatory gene expression. Methods: The effects of AQ and ethanol (EtOH) ginseng extracts ($5{\mu}g/mL$) on adipocyte and macrophage inflammatory gene expression were studied in 3T3-L1 and RAW264.7 cells, respectively, using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Adipose tissue organ culture was also used to examine the effects of ginseng extracts on epididymal WAT (EWAT) and inguinal subcutaneous WAT (SWAT) inflammatory gene expression. Results: The AQ extract caused significant increases in the expression of common inflammatory genes (e.g., Mcp1, Ccl5, Tnf-${\alpha}$, Nos2) in both cell types. Culturing adipocytes in media from macrophages treated with the AQ extract, and vice versa, also induced inflammatory gene expression. Adipocyte Ppar-${\gamma}$ expression was reduced with the AQ extract. The AQ extract strongly induced inflammatory gene expression in EWAT, but not in SWAT. The EtOH extract had no effect on inflammatory gene expression in either both cell types or WAT. Conclusion: These findings provide important new insights into the inflammo-regulatory role of NA ginseng in WAT.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.461-465
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• 2015

Microglia, the resident macrophages in the central nervous system, can rapidly respond to pathological insults. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a pattern recognition receptor that plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. Although many previous studies have suggested that TLR2 contributes to microglial activation and subsequent pathogenesis following brain tissue injury, it is still unclear whether TLR2 has a role in microglia dynamics in the resting state or in immediate-early reaction to the injury in vivo. By using in vivo two-photon microscopy imaging and $Cx3cr1^{GFP/+}$ mouse line, we first monitored the motility of microglial processes (i.e. the rate of extension and retraction) in the somatosensory cortex of living TLR2-KO and WT mice; Microglial processes in TLR2-KO mice show the similar motility to that of WT mice. We further found that microglia rapidly extend their processes to the site of local tissue injury induced by a two-photon laser ablation and that such microglial response to the brain injury was similar between WT and TLR2-KO mice. These results indicate that there are no differences in the behavior of microglial processes between TLR2-KO mice and WT mice when microglia is in the resting state or encounters local injury. Thus, TLR2 might not be essential for immediate-early microglial response to brain tissue injury in vivo.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.20-42
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• 1998

The present study was designed to understand the basic principles of the laser system and to assess the optimal coditions of the Nd:YAG laser irradiation system in order to expand the use of the laser system in the dental field. The laser system used in this study was a pulsed-wave output type and the power level is 9 watts. The incisors of developing rats were irradiated with the laser system explained above for 0.5, 1, and 2 seconds giving energy density 71, 167, and 215 J/$cm^2$ respectively. The rats were sacrificed just after irradiation or 10 minutes and 10 days after irradiation. The specimens were examined with the stereoscope, light microscope and transmission electron microscope. The results are as follows: 1. The tissue removal efficiency (depth of the cavity formed) is increased with the energy density after Nd:YAG laser irradiation. 2. The carbonized area is increased with the energy density. Cracks and melted appearance are seen in all kinds of the energy densities. 3. The lacunae in the damaged alveolar bone by the laser irradiation were empty, while those in the newly formed bone were occupied with the osteocytes. The damaged alveolar bone was repaired by the osteoblasts and macrophages on the periphery of the bone matrix. 4. The damaged enamel was replaced by the loose connective tissues showing many kinds of cells. The ameloblasts were differntiated on the replaced loose connective tissue. 5. The damaged dentin was repaired by the irregular dentin formed by the odontoblasts differentiated from the mesenchymal cells migrated from the pulp core.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.308-313
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• 2023

A 1-year-old castrated male Korean Shorthair cat presented with dyspnea, anorexia, lethargy, and seizures. Physical examination revealed salivation, right forelimb hemiparesis, and rapid breathing. No abnormalities were detected on auscultation. Laboratory findings revealed increased levels of bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), globulin, glucose, and a decreased albumin-to-globulin (A:G) ratio. Both N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and feline serum amyloid A (fSAA) levels were significantly elevated. Thoracic radiography revealed mild cardiomegaly and diffuse increased interstitial infiltration with soft tissue opacity in the periphery of the right caudal pleural space. Echocardiography and lung ultrasonography were performed to investigate the cause of mild cardiomegaly and soft tissue opacity in the pleural space. Echocardiography revealed a mild amount of echogenic pericardial effusion, and lung ultrasonography showed an echogenic soft tissue mass with no blood signal in the right caudal pleural space, suggestive of a granulomatous lesion. After obtaining 5 mL of pericardial fluid through pericardiocentesis, cytology of the pericardial effusion sample revealed marked neutrophils and macrophages with no bacteria. IDEXX feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed the presence of the FIP virus biotype in the sample. This case presents a rarely reported atypical mixed form of FIP in a cat diagnosed ante-mortem using pericardial effusion analysis. In this case, ultrasound examination played a crucial role in the definitive diagnosis of FIP by PCR biotyping through pericardiocentesis. Ultrasonography can be highly beneficial in guiding the diagnosis and evaluation of cats with suspected FIP.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.67-71
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• 2003

A 8 months old, female domestic Shorthair cat with long-term signalment of anorexia, lacrimation, uveitis and coughing was submitted to the Pathology and Diagnosis Reference Division, NVRQS, Korea, for necropsy. Main gross lesions were characterized by ascities, some grayish-white nodular formation and fibrous adhesion on the surface of visceral organs including liver and kidney. Principle histopathological findings were fibrinous serositis, multifocal granuloma and necrosis, vasculitis, perivasculitis in various pharenchymal organs. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections taken from most of organs with granulomatous lesions were confirmed specific reaction to the monoclonal antibody of feline infectious peritonitis virus in the cytoplasm of many infiltrating macrophages by immunohistochemistry. The report was to describe the pathological lesions of the first naturally-occuring FIP case in companion cat of Korea.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.207-213
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• 1987

A survey was performed on the outbreak of listeriosis in a Korean native goat in Animal Breeding Station of Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, Korea. Clinical signs in the affected goat were fever, dullness, inappetence, nasal discharge, slobbering, dysphagia, circling, incoordination, recumbency, unilateral facial paralysis, torticollis, dyspnea, spasmodic paddling movement of the limbs and death at 6 days after onset. No significant gross lesions were seen. The histopathological lesions were consisted of perivascular edema and cuffs by round cells and microabscess with infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages in the cerebrum. Gram-positive organism was observed in the microabscess lesions. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated exclusively from the brain tissue by cultural examination and the lesions induced by experimental infection with the isolate were characterized by severe conjunctivitis in rabbit and hepatic necrotic foci in mouse. This seems to be the first report of listeriosis in Korean native goat.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.155-161
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• 1991

The mechanisms of demyelination in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced chronic central nervous system(CNS) disease are still unclear and are probably multifactoral. This study was intended to culture spinal cord cells isolated from TMEV-induced demyelinating mice. By Percoll density centrifugation of enzymatically dissociated tissue, the cells were collected and then cultured on poly-L-lysine-coated plastic coverslips for 2 weeks. Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and macrophages were identified using cell-type specific markers. Viral antigens were not present in oligodendrocytes and in astrocytes by double immunofluorescence. Affected mouse oligodendrocytes had less capacities of sheet formation and galactocerebroside immunoreactivity than those of control cell 3. These findings support the hypothesis that immune mediated mechanisms play an important role in the process of demyelination in this animal model.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.119-123
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• 1993

The present study was intended to use the avidin-biotin-peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (ABPAP) method for the identification of Mycobacterium bovis in the tissue sections of infected cattle. Antibodies and linksera for ABPAP procedure used in incubated order were rabbit anti-Mycobacterium polyvalent antibodies, goat anti-rabbit IgG, rabbit peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex, biotinyl-horse anti-rabbit IgG, and avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex. Where the bacterial antigen was localized by ABPAP, a dark brown deposit occurred in the cytoplasms of macrophages and Langerhans' giant cells of the granulomatous lesions. The method approved to be highly specific for the identification of the bacteria and allowed a precise localization of the bacterial antigen in infected cells.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.375-377
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• 2001

Rectal stricture occurred in 2 finishing pigs submitted for necropsy from Moguchon, the meat processing plant, chonbuk. Grossly, the wall of the rectum was harden and thickened by fibrous tissue. Anteriro to the stricture, the descending colon was dilated up to 30cm in diameter, filled with gas and pasty green fluidal feces. Histologically, the epithelia of rectal mucosa were necrotized. The mucosa and submucosa of rectum were infiltrated by macrophages, eosinophils and lymphocytes. This infiltration was the most extensive in the deeper layer of submucosa and intensive fibrosis was observed in deeper submucosa layer. This case is report for rectal stricture of finishing pig.