• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.167-176
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• 2015

Macrophages are the main effector cells of innate immunity and are involved in inflammatory and anti-infective processes. They also have an essential role in maintaining tissue homeostasis, supporting tissue development, and repairing tissue damage. Until few years ago, it was believed that tissue macrophages derived from circulating blood monocytes, which terminally differentiated in the tissue and unable to proliferate. Recent evidence in the biology of tissue macrophages has uncovered a series of immune and ontogenic features that had been neglected for long, despite old observations. These include origin, heterogeneity, proliferative potential (or self-renewal), polarization, and memory. In recent years, the number of publications on tissue resident macrophages has grown rapidly, highlighting the renewed interest of the immunologists for these key players of innate immunity. This minireview aims to summarizing the new current knowledge in macrophage immunobiology, in order to offer a clear and immediate overview of the field.

• BMB Reports
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.360-372
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• 2019

Macrophages play an essential role not only in mediating the first line of defense but also in maintaining tissue homeostasis. In response to extrinsic factors derived from a given tissue, macrophages activate different functional programs to produce polarized macrophage populations responsible for inducing inflammation against microbes, removing cellular debris, and tissue repair. However, accumulating evidence has revealed that macrophage polarization is pivotal in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndromes and cancer, as well as in infectious and autoimmune diseases. Recent advances in transcriptomic and metabolomic studies have highlighted the link between metabolic rewiring of macrophages and their functional plasticity. These findings imply that metabolic adaption to their surrounding microenvironment instructs activation of macrophages with functionally distinct phenotypes, which in turn probably leads to the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of diseases. In this review, we have introduced emerging concepts in immunometabolism with focus on the impact on functional activation of macrophages. Furthermore, we have discussed the implication of macrophage plasticity on the pathogenesis of metabolic syndromes and cancer, and how the disease microenvironment manipulates macrophage metabolism with regard to the pathophysiology.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.11-19
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• 1995

This research was undertaken to determine the effect of cyclophosphamide(CP) on the Leydig cells and macrophages in the interstitial tissue of the mice(ICR strain). To evaluate how this drug could affect the these cells, during administration(200mg/kg) 1 time to 3 times at intervals of 48hrs. In the Leydig cells of the control and 1 time treated group, a number of microperoxisomes were observed interspersed among the network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER) in cellular regions where the SER predominantes. Microperoxisomes were also founded in close proximity to the cell membrane. The interstitial tissue were exhibited degenerating Leydig cells but macrophages wer containd greatly increased numbers of cytoplasmic inclusion body and secondary lysosomes. In the 1 time treated group. A very small number of Leydig cells were observed, from 2 to 3 time group, but macrophages were more increased than 1 time group in number. CP thus offers a valuable opportunity to study further the interaction between Leydig cells and macrophages in the interstitial tissue. These alteration could be direct mediated by toxic effect of the drug on the interstitial tissue.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.281-291
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• 2021

Tissue-resident macrophages play an important role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and innate immune defense against invading microbial pathogens. Brain-resident macrophages can be classified into microglia in the brain parenchyma and non-parenchymal brain macrophages, also known as central nervous system-associated or border-associated macrophages, in the brain-circulation interface. Microglia and non-parenchymal brain macrophages, including meningeal, perivascular, and choroid plexus macrophages, are mostly produced during embryonic development, and maintained their population by self-renewal. Microglia have gained much attention for their dual roles in the maintenance of brain homeostasis and the induction of neuroinflammation. In particular, diverse phenotypes of microglia have been increasingly identified under pathological conditions. Single-cell phenotypic analysis revealed that microglia are highly heterogenous and plastic, thus it is difficult to define the status of microglia as M1/M2 or resting/activated state due to complex nature of microglia. Meanwhile, physiological function of non-parenchymal brain macrophages remain to be fully demonstrated. In this review, we have summarized the origin and signatures of brain-resident macrophages and discussed the unique features of microglia, particularly, their phenotypic polarization, diversity of subtypes, and inflammasome responses related to neurodegenerative diseases.

• 대한방사성의약품학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2021

Diversity and flexibility are two typical hallmarks of macrophages. Two types of macrophages, M1(classically activated macrophages) and M2(alternatively activated macrophages) exist at both ends of the commonly known macrophage polarization. M1 macrophages have inflammatory properties and are primarily responsible for defending against invading bacteria in our body. On the other hand, M2 macrophages are involved in anti-inflammatory responses and tissue remodeling. Polarized migration of macrophages is of increasing interest in regulating the initiation, generation, and resting phases of inflammatory diseases. In this review, it intend to discuss the properties and functions of tumor-associated macrophages based on polarized macrophages that affect inflammatory diseases. In addition, the purpose of this study is to investigate a molecular imaging approach that targets macrophages that affect tumor growth by controlling the polarization of macrophages that affect tumor diagnosis and treatment.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.169-178
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• 2006

Background: Adipose tissues were initially introduced as energy storages, but recently they have become famous as an endocrine organ which produces and secretes various kinds of molecules to make physiologic and metabolic changes in human body. It has been studied that these molecules are secreted in abundance as the adipose tissue becomes bigger along with obesity. Furthermore, it has been found that they are mediating systemic inflammation and generation of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. On the basis of these, we studied previous papers which have been researched about the interaction between preadipocytes and macrophages, adipose tissues and lymph nodes, and adipose tissue secreting molecules. Results: Firstly, preadipocytes and macrophages are expressing similar transcriptomes and proteins, and preadipocytes can be converted to mature macrophages which have phagocytic activity. Moreover, the monocytes, which initially located in the bone marrow, are filtrated to the adipose tissue by monocyte chemotatic protein-1 and are matured to macrophages by colony stimulating factor-1. Secondly, adipose tissues and their associated lymph nodes are interacting each other in terms of energy efficiency. Lymph nodes promote lipolysis in adipose tissues, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in adipocytes become energy sources for dendritic cells. Lastly, adipose tissues produce and secrete proinflammatory molecules such as leptin, adiponectin, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and acute phase proteins, which induce the inflammation and potentially generate metabolic diseases. Conclusion: According to these, we can link adipose tissues to inflammation, but we need to affirm the actual levels and roles of adipose tissue-derived proinflammatory molecules in human body.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.219-226
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In this study, potential anti-inflammatory effect of enzymatic hydrolysates from Styela clava flesh tissue was assessed via nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccahride (LPS) induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and in vivo zebrafish model. MATERIALS/METHODS: We investigated the ability of enzymatic hydrolysates from Styela clava flesh tissue to inhibit LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages, and the molecular mechanism through which this inhibition occurred. In addition, we evaluated anti-inflammatory effect of enzymatic hydrolysates against a LPS-exposed in in vivo zebrafish model. RESULTS: Among the enzymatic hydrolysates, Protamex-proteolytic hydrolysate exhibited the highest NO inhibitory effect and was fractionated into three ranges of molecular weight by using ultrafiltration (UF) membranes (MWCO 5 kDa and 10 kDa). The above 10 kDa fraction down-regulated LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), thereby reducing production of NO and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The above 10 kDa fraction suppressed LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$. In addition, the above 10 kDa fraction inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. Furthermore, NO production in live zebrafish induced by LPS was reduced by addition of the above 10 kDa fraction from S. clava enzymatic hydrolysate. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggested that hydrolysates derived from S. clava flesh tissue would be new anti-inflammation materials in functional resources.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.148-153
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• 2007

Obesity-induced inflammation plays a crucial role in obesity-related pathologies such as type II diabetes and atherosclerosis. Adipose tissue macrophages and the cell-derived proinflammatory chemokines are key components in augmenting inflammatory responses in obesity. Anthocyanins such as cyanidin and $cyanidin-3-O-{\beta}-D-glucoside$ (C3G) are known to elicit anti-inflammatory activities by suppressing the production of proinflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide in LPS-stimulated macrophages. In the present study, we investigated whether cyanidin and C3G have the potential to suppress the inflammatory responses of adipose cells. Cyanidin and C3G not only suppressed the migration of RAW 264.7 macrophages induced by mesenteric adipose tissue-conditioned medium, but also inhibited the activation of the cells to produce inflammatory chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-related protein-2 (MRP-2) in a dose-dependent manner. Cyanidin and C3G also inhibited the release of MCP-1 and MRP-2 from adipocytes and/or macrophages. These findings suggest that cyanidin and C3G may suppress the inflammatory responses of adipose tissue in obesity.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.299-307
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• 1986

The each rumen of six goats was incised and sutured with chromic catgut, polyglycolic acid and nylon. Tissue reaction to each suture materials was observed and comared at the 7th, 14th and 21st post-operative days. The predominent inflammatory cells around suture materials are macrophages, fibroblast and neutrophils. A few lymphocytes was infiltrated around suture materials. Infiltration of neutrophils was rapidly diminished but infiltration of macrophages, fibroblasts and lymphocytes were persisted. The overall grade of tissue reaction varid by suture materials. At the 7th post-operative days, tissue reaction to chromic catgut was most prominant and that of polyglycolic acid and nylon was moderate. At the 14th and 21st postoperative days, tissue reaction to each suture materials was not greatly different.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.88-92
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• 2001

A subcutaneous mass foud in a nine-year-old male Iguana (Iguana iguana) was pathologically and microbiologically examined. Grossly, this mass, measuring $2 cm{\times}1.5 cm{\times}1 cm$ in size, contained white to yellow caseous-crumbly material which was surrounded by the thin connective tissue. Histopathologically, a mass consisted of central caseous necrotic debri in which heterophils and macrophages were scattered, and peripheral fibrous connective tissue in which scattered heterophils, macrophages and lymphoid cell aggregates were present. This mass composed of central necrotic core and peripheal connective tissue did not have any detectable microorganisms including acid-fast bacteria and fungi. Histopathologically, severe atrophy of seminiferous tubules in both testicles was observed. In addition, peripheri of ductus deferens was thickened by fibrous connective tissue. This is the first report of subcutaneous caseous necrotic mass of an Iguana in Korea. In addition, the bilateral severe atrophy of seminiferous tubules may be due to fibrosis of ductus deferens.