• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.266-272
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to investigate the therapeutic effect of closed reduction according to a classification in patients with nasal bone fracture. Methods: The study was conducted retrospectively on 186 patients with a mean age of 38 years (range: 7 to 80 years). All patients were diagnosed by clinical and radiologic examination, and then classified according to Hwang's classification by computed tomography. The patients were further classified by their age, gender, causes of fracture, operation timing after fracture, concurrent facial bone fracture, and complications. All patients underwent the same reduction and treatment protocol and were then followed up regularly for at least three months. Results: The cause of the fracture was slip down, and the highest prevalence was shown in the 20s. The mean operation timing after fracture was 4.1 days (range: 1 to 14 days), and it tended to be longer in the case of defected septal bone or more severe fracture. The most common concurrent facial bone fracture was orbital blow-out fracture, and zygomaticomaxillary complex and maxillary fracture occured frequently. The largest number of complications occurred in class III and IIBs patients, and the main complication was postoperative pain. Conclusion: Results of nasal bone closed reduction on the 186 patients showed that serious complications rarely occurred. Closed reduction is generally an effective treatment for nasal bone fracture. However, in the case of severe concurrent septal bone fracture or comminuted fracture with depression, open reduction should be considered. Further study with a larger number of patients and further classification is required.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.279-284
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• 2001

The natural high productivity of temperate coastal waters in Korea can be used in advantage to reduce the feed costs for the cage-cultured marine carnivorous fish species. By using the night-lights methods an alternative of supplementary feeding strategy can be offered to the cage farmers and maintain sound environmental conditions that could enhance maximum sustainable yields. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of night-lights which shown positive results on feeding and growth in sea cage cultured rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. The study showed that for the water around overhead illuminated sea cage, higher zooplankton density was observed at night than during the daytime. Increased amounts of for-age, evidenced by stomach content analyses were observed in the early evening, but decreased amounts were observed in the morning and afternoon. That is, feeding activities of the fish were most intensive from midnight to dawn. In a three month feeding experiment, the results showed that night-lighted groups were superior to groups with the highest feeding efficient. This study suggested that the evidence that night-lights superimposed on only day-lights enhance growth of rockfish in sea cages during summer and winter, with timing of exposure affecting growth of juvenile fish. The capability to control the feeding behavior of marine life via manipulation and external stimuli could considerably benefit the advancement of sea cage aquaculture in coastal areas.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제9권12호
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• pp.1607-1616
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• 2006

The growing market of multimedia and digital signal processing requires significant data-path portions of SoCs. However, the common models for verification are not suitable for SoCs. A novel model--WGL (Weighted Generalized List) is proposed, which is based on the general-list decomposition of polynomials, with three different weights and manipulation rules introduced to effect node sharing and the canonicity. Timing parameters and operations on them are also considered. Examples show the word-level WGL is the only model to linearly represent the common word-level functions and the bit-level WGL is especially suitable for arithmetic intensive circuits. The model is proved to be a uniform and efficient model for both bit-level and word-level functions. Then Based on the WGL model, a backward-construction logic-verification approach is presented, which reduces time and space complexity for multipliers to polynomial complexity(time complexity is less than $O(n^{3.6})$ and space complexity is less than $O(n^{1.5})$) without hierarchical partitioning. Finally, a construction methodology of word-level polynomials is also presented in order to implement complex high-level verification, which combines order computation and coefficient solving, and adopts an efficient backward approach. The construction complexity is much less than the existing ones, e.g. the construction time for multipliers grows at the power of less than 1.6 in the size of the input word without increasing the maximal space required. The WGL model and the verification methods based on WGL show their theoretical and applicable significance in SoC design.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제47권8호
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• pp.99-107
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• 2010

ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee) 방식의 지상파 디지털 TV 방송 시스템은 단일주파수망을 구성하기 위하여 송신기들 및 중계기들이 단일 주파수를 사용할 경우 수신기에서 다중 송신기 및 중계기 신호들이 수신되어 간섭을 초래할 수 있다. 이러한 간섭 문제를 해소하고자 ATSC 기술권고 (recommended practice)에서는 RF 워터마크 (watermark) 방식의 고유한 송신기 식별 코드 (transmitter identification: TxID)를 각 송신기 및 중계기에 할당한 후 이를 송신 및 중계 신호에 부가하여 전송하고 TxID 신호분석기를 통하여 각 송신기 및 중계기에서 송출된 신호가 겪는 채널 환경을 검출하여 송신기와 중계기의 송출전력 및 상대적인 송출시간을 조정함으로써 간섭 문제를 해결하도록 하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 가산 백색 가우시안 잡음 (additive white Gaussian noise: AWGN) 및 다중경로 채널 하에서 TxID 신호가 부가된 지상파 디지털 TV 방송신호의 역호환성을 분석한다. 전산 실험 및 실험실 테스트, 그리고 필드 테스트를 통하여 상용 디지털 TV 수신기의 threshold of visibility (TOV) 증가량은 AWGN 채널에 비해 다중경로 채널환경에서 더 높게 나타났으나 TxID 신호가 기존 디지털 TV 신호에 비해 30 dB 낮게 부가되어 전송될 경우 상용 디지털 TV 수신기의 평균 TOV 증가량은 0.2 dB 이하로 관찰되었다. 이러한 실험 및 테스트 결과는 RF 워터마크 방식의 TxID 신호가 상용 디지털 TV 수신기에 거의 영향을 주지 않음을 보여준다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.71-105
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• 2013

최근 유로지역의 재정위기 등으로 재정건전성의 중요성이 부각되면서 경기조절을 위한 수단으로 추경과 같은 통상적인 재정확장 수단 이외에 재정의 조기집행이 강조되고 있다. 원칙적으로 재정의 조기집행은 재정건전성에 영향을 미치지 않으면서 예산범위 내에서 시점 간 재원배분 조정을 통해 경기변동에 대응하는 재정정책 수단이다. 본 연구에서는 재정의 조기집행과 같이 재정지출의 시점 간 재원배분 조정이 경기조절에 얼마나 효과적인지를 실증적으로 살펴보고 있다. 구체적으로 우리나라의 통합재정수지 자료를 이용하여 계절적 요인을 제외한 1년 이내 주기의 변동을 추정한 후, 이를 시점 간 재원배분 조정 규모로 정의하고 종속변수인 실질 경제성장률에 대한 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 재정지출의 시점 간 재원배분 조정의 경기조절효과는 정책효과의 시차가 있기는 하지만 대체로 유의하게 나타났다. 한편, 거시모형을 이용한 시뮬레이션 결과, 특정 시점의 재원배분 변동은 동일 회계연도의 인접 시점에 반대 방향으로의 재원배분 조정이 있을 것임을 의미하는바, 전체적인 경기조절효과는 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 다만, 시점 간 재원배분 조정은 주요 거시경제변수의 변동성을 하락시켜 거시경제 안정화에 일부 기여하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 이러한 안정화 효과는 금융위기 기간에는 명확하게 나타난 반면, 통상적인 경기변동 기간에는 그리 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.17-27
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• 2009

典型的价格促销是指降低一定数量产品的价格或以相同的价 格获得更多数量的产品, 从而增加价值和创造经济的激励购买. 价格促销经常用来鼓励没有消费过产品或服务的用户试用产品或服务. 因此, 理解价格促销对那些从来没有使用过促销品牌的消费者的此品牌质量认知的影响是很重要的. 然而, 如果消费者通过价格促销获得的产品的质量不好, 促销可能达不到用经济的刺激方法来增加销售的效果. 相反则有可能发生. 具体来说, 通过价格促销消费者产生低的质量的认知会削弱经济的和心理上的激励, 减少购买的可能性. 因此, 对市场营销人员来说理解品牌的价格促销信息如何影响消费者对此品牌的质量的不良认知是非常重要的. 先前的有关价格促销对质量认知的影响的研究有不一致的解释. 一些是关注价格促销对消费者认知的不利影响. 但是其他的研究显示价格促销并没有提高消费者对品牌的不良认知. 之前的研究发现这些不一致的结果和价格促销曝光的时机以及相关的试验得出的质量评估有关. 而且, 消费者是否经历过产品促销都可能会调节这些影响. 一些研究把产品类别的不同作为基本的因素. 本研究的目的是探讨在不同的情况下, 价格促销信息对消费者的不良的质量认知产生的影响. 作者控制了促销曝光的时机, 过去的各种促销形式以及信息发布的方式. 与以往的研究不同, 作者通过控制以前个人使用此产品的经验的潜在调节作用来测试事先设定限制的价格促销的影响. 这样的操作可以解决相关的有可能产生的争议. 这种方法对实际工作方面也是有意义的. 价格促销不仅适用于已存在的目标消费者, 而且可以鼓励没有使用过产品和服务的消费者尝试此产品或服务. 因此, 对市场营销人员来说理解品牌的价格促销信息如何影响消费者对此品牌的质量的不良认知是非常重要的. 如果没有使用过这个品牌的消费者通过价格促销获得的产品的质量不好, 促销可能达不到用经济的刺激方法来增加销售的效果. 相反则有可能发生. 另外, 如果价格促销结束, 购买了这个产品的消费者可能会出现明显的减少再购买行为. 通过文献回顾, 假设1用来探讨消费者通过过去的价格促销获得的质量认知的调节作用. 消费者对没有使用过的品牌的价格促销而产生的质量认知的影响会被此品牌过去的价格促销活动所调节. 换句话说, 消费者会对没有进行过价格促销的没有使用过的品牌产生不良的质量认知. 假设2-1:未使用过的品牌进行首次价格促销的时候, 价格促销的信息发布的方式将影响价格促销的成败. 假设2-2:消费者越不在意价格促销的原因, 越容易对产品的质量产生不良的认知. 通过测试1, 简要地解释了产品和品牌在提供四种价格促销形式之前并解释说明了每种价格促销形式. WAVEX这个虚拟品牌的质量的认知被评估为7. 网球拍被选中的原因是由于选定的产品组必须过去几乎没有价格促销活动来消除促销的平均次数对价格促销信息的影响, 正如Raghubir和Corfman(1999)所提出的. 测试2也用网球拍作为产品组, 主持测试2的管理者与测试1相同. 随着测试1, 选择了对产品组熟悉而对产品不熟悉的受访者. 每个受访者被分配到代表WAVEX价格促销的两种不同信息发布方式的两组中的一组. 在评估WAVEX的质量认知为7以前, 受访者看了每个促销信息. 不熟悉的实验品牌的价格促销对消费者的质量认知的影响被证明为会被以前有过或没有价格促销活动所调节. 与过去的促销行为一致是使品牌评估变得更糟的不良影响的重要变量. 如果此品牌从未进行过价格促销, 价格促销活动会对消费者的质量认知产生不良的影响. 第二, 不熟悉的品牌进行首次价格促销时, 促销信息的发布方式会影响公司促销的成败. 当消费者进行性格归因和情境归因的比较时, 质量认知的不良影响会更大. 与先前主要关注具有或不具有情境/性格归因中良好或不良的动机的研究不同, 本研究的焦点是检验如果公司提出了具有说服性的理由, 即使消费者在价格促销行为中有性格归因, 情境归因也可以被推断出的事实. 这种方法, 在学术方面取得了很大的成果, 意义在于它运用非数学的问题来解释固定和调整过程而不像以前的研究大部分是把它用于数学问题来解释. 换句话说, 根据基本属性错误, 有很大的倾向去性格地归因其他的行为. 当这种情况出现在价格促销时, 我们可以推断出消费者很有可能性格地归因公司的价格促销行为. 反而, 即使在这种情况下, 公司可以调整消费者的锚定性来降低性格归因的可能性. 另外, 不像多数对价格促销的长/短期影响的以往的研究, 只考虑价格促销对消费者的购买行为影响, 本 研究测试对质量认知的影响, 一个影响消费者购买行为的因素. 这些结果在实际工作方面有重要启示. 本研究的结果可以作为新产品有效的提供促销信息的指南. 如果品牌要避免错误的暗示, 比如在施行价格促销战略时被认为是产品的质量不好, 一定要为促销提供清晰合理的理由. 尤其是对那些以前没有进行过价格促销活动的公司来说, 提供明确的理由尤其重要. 不一致的行为可以导致消费者的不信任和焦虑. 这也是无止境的价格战的风险的重要因素之一. 没有事先通知的价格促销会使消费者怀疑, 但不会影响市场份额.