• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2015

Experimental research shows that the nitric oxides ($NO_X$) concentration track at the outlet of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst with a transient variation of Adblue dosage has a time delay and it features a characteristic of resistance-capacitance (RC). The phenomenon brings obstacles to get the simultaneously $NO_X$ expected to be reduced and equi-molar ammonia available to SCR reaction, which finally inhibits $NO_X$ conversion efficiency. Generally, engine loads change frequently, which triggers a rapid changing of Adblue dosage, and it aggravates the air quality that are caused by $NO_X$ emission and ammonia slip. In order to increase the conversion efficiency of $NO_X$ and avoid secondary pollution, the paper gives a comprehensive analysis of the SCR system and tells readers the key factors that affect time delay and RC characteristics. Accordingly, a map of time delay is established and a solution method for time constant and proportional constant is carried out. Finally, the paper accurately describes the input-output state relation of SCR system by using "variable RC model with time delay". The model can be used for a real-time correction of Adblue dosage, which can increase the conversion efficiency of $NO_X$ in SCR system and avoid secondary pollution forming. Obviously, the results of the work discover an avenue for the SCR control strategy.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.174-182
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• 2014

Recently, not only common types of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) such as series or parallel but many other types of HEVs including 4WD hybrid electric vehicle have been developed and released. In this study, analysis of fuel economy and driving performance for 2WD and 4WD HEV are conducted using backward simulation based on dynamic programming. To analyze the characteristics of 4WD HEV, tire slip model based on vehicle dynamics was applied to the backward simulation program. As a result, 2WD HEV shows better fuel economy than 4WD HEV because of relatively simple configuration. However, in a severe road condition, 4WD HEV shows better driving performance that 2WD HEV had about 6% of impossible time to follow the driving cycle though the 4WD HEV had no impossible time.

• 공업화학
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.990-997
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• 1994

천연고무 라텍스(NRL)와 메틸메타 크릴레이트가 그라프트된 라텍스(MGL)를 각종 첨가제와 혼합하여 dipping공정으로 가황된 NR 및 블렌드 필름을 제조하였다. NR 필름 제조의 최적조건을 규명하기 위하여 숙성시간에 따른 팽윤도, 인장강도 및 $110^{\circ}C$에서 가황시간의 변화에 따른 기계적 특성을 비교하였다. 필름 표면의 구조 및 미끄럼성을 조사하기 위하여 접촉각 및 정 동마찰계수를 측정한 결과, 접촉각은 MGL의 블렌드 비율이 증가할수록 감소하였고, 정 및 동마찰계수는 NR 필름에 비하여 NR/MG과 NR-d-MG 필름이 현저히 감소하여 표면 미끄럼성이 향상됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1228-1235
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• 2012

A refrigerator has many components which are made from diverse materials such as metal, polymer, plastic, and rubber. So, it generally requires much time and efforts to build up an analysis model in finite element analysis. In this work, to reduce the computational time and efforts a simplified modeling method was proposed for the analysis of a refrigerator. Occasionally, a stick-slip noise occurs in a refrigerator due to relative slip between shelf and inner-case. When we solve the problem by a FE analysis, we should model the structures with detail for considering the contact conditions; by this reason, too many efforts are consumed in the conventional analysis method. Through this work, we shows the concept of simplifying approach and a good agreement with the results of a real model analysis. And also, the evaluation of the proposed method and the application of contact analysis using the simplified model are discussed.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.703-718
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• 2014

The initial clamping forces of high strength bolts subjected to different faying surface conditions drop within 500 hours regardless of loading, any other external force or loosening of the nut. This study develops a mathematical model for relaxation confined to creep on a coated faying surface after initial clamping. The quantitative model for estimating relaxation was derived from a regression analysis for the relation between the creep strain of the coated surface and the elapsed time for 744 hours. This study establishes an expected model for estimating the relaxation of bolted joints with diverse coated surfaces. The candidate bolts are dacro-coated tension control bolts, ASTM A490 bolt, and plain tension control bolts. The test parameters were coating thickness, species of coating. As for 96, 128, 168, and $226{\mu}m$ thick inorganic zinc, when the coating thickness was increased, relaxation after the initial clamping rose to a much higher range from 10% to 18% due to creep of the coating. The amount of relaxation up to 7 days exceeded 85% of the entire relaxation. From this result, the equation for creep strain can be derived from a statistical regression analysis. Based on the acquired creep behavior, it is expected that the clamping force reflecting relaxation after the elapse of constant time can be calculated from the initial clamping force. The manufacturer's recommendation of inorganic zinc on faying surface as $75{\mu}m$, appears to be reasonable.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.632-639
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• 2010

사용자들이 위치 정보를 가장 많이 요구하는 분야가 바로 육상교통 분야이다. 특히 보다 정확한 위치 정보를 제공함으로써 지능형 도로 교통 관리가 가능하고, 일반 사용자에게도 편리를 가져다준다. 무선 통신망의 발달로 언제 어디서나 주변 기준국의 GPS 정보를 수신할 수 있기 때문에 차량에서도 정밀 측위가 가능하다. 일반적으로 정밀 측위를 위해서는 코드, 반송파 측정치를 사용한다. 하지만 수신기에서는 코드, 반송파 측정치 뿐 아니라 도플러 측정치도 제공하고 있고 도플러 측정치는 속도에 대한 측정치이다. 속도는 육상교통 환경에서 요구되는 중요한 정보이기 때문에 본 논문에서는 도플러 측정치까지 추가하여 육상교통 환경에 적합한 정밀 측위 기법을 연구하였다. 정밀 측위 기법으로는 RTK(Real-Time Kinematic) 기법을 사용하였고, 여기에 측정치로 이중 차분된 도플러 측정치를 추가하였다. 그 결과 도심지역에서 발생하는 다중 경로 또는 반송파의 사이를 슬립(Cyde Slip)에 의한 위치 오차가 완화되었다. 하지만 여전히 발생하는 위치 오차를 완화시키기 위해서 도플러 측정치를 이용한 위치 영역에서의 스무딩 기법을 적용하였다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제24권7A호
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• pp.1028-1035
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• 1999

burst-mode TDMA 시스템에 사용되는 모뎀에서는, 데이터 전송효율을 증가시키면서 동시에 만족할만한 BER 성능을 얻기 위해서, 반송파 포착(acquisition)성능 및 추적(tracking)성능이 우수하여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 이를 위한 새로운 결정지향 반송파 복원(decision-directed carrier recovery) 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 제안한 방식은 PLL(Phase Locked Loop)을 사용하지 않기 때문에 빠른 반송파 포착이 가능하며, 가우시안 잡음이 부과된 입력신호를 수신단 전단에서 억압하는 사전 필터링(pre-filtering) 방식을 적용함으로 반송파 추적성능이 우수하다. 시뮬레이션을 통하여 제안한 방식의 BER 성능 및 포착 성능을 고찰해본 결과, 수신부에서 비교적 정확한 국부 발진기(local oscillator)를 채용하는 경우에는 기존의 방식에 비해 특히 BER 성능이 우수하였다. 이는 기존의 방식과는 달리 제안한 방식에서는 low SNR 환경에서도 cycle slip이 거의 발생하지 않는 장점이 있기 때문이다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.161-170
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• 2014

Newmark-type deformation analysis has rarely been done in Korea due to the popularity of simple pseudo-static limit equilibrium analysis and detailed time-history FE/FD dynamic analysis. However, the Korean seismic dam design code updated in 2011 prescribes Newmark-type deformation analysis as a major dynamic analysis method for the seismic evaluation of fill dams. In addition, a design PGA for dynamic analysis is significantly increased in the code. This paper aims to study the seismic evaluation of four existing large fill dams through advanced FEM/Newmark-type deformation analyses for the artificial earthquake time histories with the design PGA of 0.22g. Dynamic soil properties obtained from in-situ geo-physical surveys are applied as input parameters. For the FEM/Newmark analyses, sensitivity analyses are performed to study the effects of input PGA and $G_{max}$ of shell zone on the Newmark deformation. As a result, in terms of deformation, four fill dams are proved to be reasonably safe under the PGA of 0.22g with yield coefficients of 0.136 to 0.187, which are highly resistant for extreme events. Sensitivity analysis as a function of PGA shows that $PGA_{30cm}$ (a limiting PGA to cause the 30 cm of Newmark permanent displacement on the critical slip surface) is a good indicator for seismic safety check. CFRD shows a higher seismic resistance than ECRD. Another sensitivity analysis shows that $G_{max}$ per depth does not significantly affect the site response characteristics, however lower $G_{max}$ profile causes larger Newmark deformation. Through this study, it is proved that the amplification of ground motion within the sliding mass and the location of critical slip surface are the dominant factors governing permanent displacements.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.599-611
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• 2022

Tendon reinforced cemented soil is applied extensively in foundation stabilisation and improvement, especially in areas with soft clay. To solve the deterioration problem led by steel corrosion, the glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) tendon is introduced to substitute the traditional steel tendon. The interface bond strength between the cemented soil matrix and GFRP tendon demonstrates the outstanding mechanical property of this composite. However, the lack of research between the influence factors and bond strength hinders the application. To evaluate these factors, back propagation neural network (BPNN) is applied to predict the relationship between them and bond strength. Since adjusting BPNN parameters is time-consuming and laborious, the particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm is proposed. This study evaluated the influence of water content, cement content, curing time, and slip distance on the bond performance of GFRP tendon-reinforced cemented soils (GTRCS). The results showed that the ultimate and residual bond strengths were both in positive proportion to cement content and negative to water content. The sample cured for 28 days with 30% water content and 50% cement content had the largest ultimate strength (3879.40 kPa). The PSO-BPNN model was tuned with 3 neurons in the input layer, 10 in the hidden layer, and 1 in the output layer. It showed outstanding performance on a large database comprising 405 testing results. Its higher correlation coefficient (0.908) and lower root-mean-square error (239.11 kPa) were obtained compared to multiple linear regression (MLR) and logistic regression (LR). In addition, a sensitivity analysis was applied to acquire the ranking of the input variables. The results illustrated that the cement content performed the strongest influence on bond strength, followed by the water content and slip displacement.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권2A호
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• pp.261-271
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• 2006

앞 편의 논문에서 제안된 수치해석을 토대로 외부 비부착 강선에 의해 보강된 PSC 부재에 영향을 주는 여려 인자들을 분석하였다. 설계과정에서 반드시 고려되어야 할, 편향부에서의 미끌림, 편향부의 개수, 콘트리트의 시간의존적 변형, 긴장재의 응력이완, 그리고 하중이력의 영향과 같은 많은 설계변수들을 검토하였으며, 설계변수들의 연구를 통해 중요한 결과들을 얻었다. 나아가 최적 강선 배치형상이 작용하는 하중 형태에 의존하므로 외부 비부착 강선의 배치형%에 따른 구조물의 거동을 파악하기 위해 분석하였다. 이를 통해 편향부의 위치와 하중의 위치가 일치할 때 가장 안정적인 구조물의 거동을 보임을 알 수 있었다.