• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.595-600
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• 2000

Transdermal delivery of ketorolac tromethamine, a potent non-narcotic analgesic, through human cadaver skin was investigated in vitro. A mixture of ethanol/water (40/60) containing 0, 1, 3, 5, and 8 (w/v)% L-menthol were used as a vehicle and penetration enhancer respectively. The permeation of ketorolac through human cadaver skin from saturated drug solution was evaluated at $37^{\circ}C$ with modified Franz diffusion cell. The in vitro skin flux and lag time were $1.23\;{\pm}\;0.11\;{\mu}g/cm^2{\cdot}hr$ and $5.56\;{\pm}\;0.34\;hr$, respectively. The cumulative amount of penetrated ketorolac containing L-menthol in ethanol/water (40/60) binary system was increased by the following order; 3%, 5%, 8%, 1%, 0%, and the lag time was decresed by the following order; 3%, 5%, 8%, 0%, 1%. The results suggested that a potential use of 3% L-methol is an effective penetration enhancer of ketorolac tromethamine through the human cadaver skin.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1036-1043
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• 2005

Concentric annular heat pipes (CAHP) were fabricated and tested to investigate their thermal characteristics. The CAHPs were 25.4 mm in outer diameter and 200 mm in length. The inner surface of the heat pipes was covered with screen mesh wicks and they were connected by four bridge wicks to provide liquid return path. Three different heat pipes were fabricated to observe the effect of change in diameter ratios between 2.31 and 4.23 while using the same outer tube dimensions. The major concern of this study was the transient response as well as isothermal characteristics of the heat pipe outer surface, considering the application as uniform heating device. A better performance was achieved as the diameter ratio increased. For the thermal load of 180 W, the maximum temperature difference on the outer surface in the axial direction of CAHP was $2.3^{\circ}C$ while that of the copper block of the same outer dimension was $5.9^{\circ}C.$ The minimum thermal resistance of the CAHP was measured to be $0.004^{\circ}C/W.$ In regard to the transient response during start-up, the heat pipe showed almost no time lag to the heat source, while the copper block of the same outer dimensions exhibited about 25 min time lag.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.119-125
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• 2009

This paper deals with the characteristics of soil ionization affecting the dynamic performance of grounding systems under lightning impulse voltage. A concentric hemispherical electrode system was employed in order to facilitate the field calculation and analysis of the experimental results. The parameters such as the ionization threshold and breakdown field intensity, the pre-ionization and the post ionization resistances, the time-lag to ionization, the transient impedance, the equivalent ionized radius for various soil media were measured and analyzed. The dynamic characteristics of ionization processes under lightning impulse voltage are strongly dependent on the types of soil and water content. As a result, a soil ionization reduces the ground resistance and there is a little effect of applied impulse polarity on the soil ionization threshold field intensity. Although the ionization threshold field intensity of wet clay with 30% water content is the highest, its ionized zone was found to be the smallest amongst the test samples.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.847-853
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• 2005

A total of 60 growth curves were generated with combinations of temperature, pH, and potassium lactate (PL) (60% (v/v) commercial solution) to determine the lag time (LT) and specific growth rate (SGR) of L. monocytogenes in broth. LT and SGR were significantly (P<0.05) affected by temperature, pH, concentration of PL, or the combined interaction of these factors. LT was extended and SGR was reduced significantly (P<0.05) by increased concentration of PL at lower temperature and pH. Listericidal effect was observed in the broth containing 2, 3, and 4% PL at pH 5.0 and $4^{\circ}C$. The antimicrobial activity of PL against L. monocytogenes increased when the pH of the medium was decreased at all temperatures tested. The results suggest that PL has antimicrobial properties to suppress the growth of L. monocytogenes. Potassium lactate has many potential applications as an antimicrobial additive in variety of refrigerated ready-to-eat foods.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.283-293
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• 2021

To verify the employment impact of two-directional FDI, the study analyzes panel data composed of 26 OECD countries from 2006 to 2018 by using the system GMM. Furthermore, we decompose domestic employment into types of industries and skill compositions to identify the heterogeneous employment impact. The results show that inward and outward FDI at lag one period promote domestic employment at the overall level. In terms of workers' skill levels, lagged inward FDI significantly persistently promotes high-skilled workers' employment, likewise, the positive employment impact also appears with a time lag in low-skilled labor subgroups. Outward FDI, on the other hand, initially inhibits both high- and low-skilled labor demand, but then changes to a positive effect in the highskilled labor subgroups. Although there is a time difference between inward and outward FDI, it has a significant and positive impact on employment in the manufacturing and service industries. The results indicate that the relationship between manufacturing and service employment is a mutual substitute. To attract international investors, governments should promote a favorable investment climate and maintain stable economic growth. Because low-skilled labor is more susceptible to changes in FDI, policy measures are required to ensure employment stability.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.69 no.5
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• pp.567-577
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• 2019

Guyed steel lattice towers (or guyed masts) are widely used for supporting antennas for telecommunications and broadcasting. This paper presents a numerical study on the static and dynamic response of guyed towers. Three-dimensional nonlinear finite-element models are used to simulate the response. Through performing static pushover analyses and free-vibration (modal) analyses, the effect of different bracing configurations is investigated. In addition, seismic analyses are performed on towers of different heights to study the influence of earthquake excitation time-lag (or the earthquake travel distance between tower anchors) and antenna weight on the seismic response of guyed towers. The results show that the inclusion of time lag in the seismic analysis of guyed towers can influence shear and moment distribution along the height of the mast. Moreover, it is found that the lateral response is insensitive to bracing configurations. The results also show that, depending on the mast height, an increased antenna weight can reduce the tower maximum base shear while other response quantities, such as cables tension force are found to be insensitive to variation in the antenna weight.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

Purpose: Research on attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an important role in helping provinces attract more FDI projects. However, with local competition, FDI enterprises also have to consider their investment. This study evaluates the provincial competitiveness to attract FDI in Thai Nguyen province, a province of Vietnam. In which provincial distribution of competitiveness is measured through nine indicators. Research design, data, and methodology: The study collects data (FDI and the provincial competitiveness index) from 2006 to 2020. The study uses Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) to text the impact of distribution of competitivenes on foreign direct investment. With time-series, the ARDL is suitable for data analysis. Results: The regression results indicate that the competition index of market entry and informal costs negatively impact attracting FDI into the province; The human resource training quality index has a positive effect on FDI. The results show that FDI enterprises pay much attention to business establishment procedures, hidden costs, and quality of human resources in the province. Conclusions: At the same time, in terms of practice, the results of this study, the authors also offer solutions to help improve the ability to attract FDI into Thai Nguyen province. The significant provincial competitiveness indicators should be taken into account for improvement first.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.7
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

This paper investigates the impact of the domestic and global outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on the trading size of the Malaysian stock (MS) market. The theoretical model posits that stock markets are affected by their response to disasters and events that arise in the international or local environments, as well as to several financial factors such as stock volatility and spread bid-ask prices. Using daily time-series data from 27 January to 12 May 2020, this paper utilizes the traditional Augmented Dickey and Fuller (ADF) technique and Zivot and Andrews with structural break' procedures for a stationarity test analysis, while the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method is applied according to the trading size of the MS market model. The analysis considered almost all 789 listed companies investing in the main stock market of Malaysia. The results confirmed our hypotheses that both the daily growth in the active domestic and global cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) has significant negative effects on the daily trading size of the stock market in Malaysia. Although the COVID-19 has a negative effect on the Malaysian stock market, the findings of this study suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic may have an asymmetric effect on the market.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.287-317
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• 2017

Asbestos has been actively used for various places. Since it was designated as the first grade carcinogen in the 1970s, strict regulations on using asbestos has been implemented globally. Considering long-term latent periods between asbestos exposure and environmental diseases, we analyze the time lag between asbestos consumption and the incidence of mesothelioma in Korea and estimate the long-run relationship. In addition, we conduct a comparative analysis on the effectiveness of asbestos regulations in the United Kingdom and the United States, which have accumulated long-term time-series observations. The latent period analysis indicates that the consumption of asbestos and the incidence of the disease are highly correlated in all three countries, being long-term lags of more than 30 years. Also, we find a long-run equilibrium relationship between asbestos consumption and the incidence of mesothelioma in the presence of long-term lags between the variables in all three countries. Furthermore, using a distributed lag model, asbestos consumption has statistically significant positive effects on mesothelioma with a long-term lag.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.121-137
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• 2013

Now days, firm's technology capability is recognized as important factor to forecast and to evaluate firm's business performance. There are many efforts to develop useful indicators by applying patent information that includes concrete description about technology. Many previous studies analyzed relationship between patent indicators and firm's performance. But they didn't consider time gap between a point of firm's invention activity and a point of firm's performance improvement. They didn't considered a character of industrial fields either. To overcome these limitations, we selected IT industry for target analysis industry. Time-series patent data and financial data from 41 American IT firms between 2000 and 2011 were used to analyze. In this study, We empirically analyzed subsequent effect of patent indicators on firm's business performance by using correlation analysis and regression analysis.