• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.10-17
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• 2005

This Study is concerned with the acceptance of Western timber structure and the interior space of church buildings in the early modern period in Korea. Timber roofs have represented a wide variety of constructional forms and have been fundamental to any technological appraisal of the evolution of both of Western and Eastern architecture. Especially the roof structure of the church buildings reflects the technological level, aesthetic sense, and spacial concepts of the age. Between Western timber structure and Korean timber structure, there are many differences in not only structural form but also form of roof, members, load, frame system and etc. And there were various types of framing technique such as timber truss, timber arch, timber vault in the western style church architecture in the early modern period in Korea. I have summarized the character of the acceptance process of Western timber structure and the influences on the interior space of church buildings.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.331-345
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• 2020

The multi-story timber structure with high platform base is one of the important architectural types in the traditional Chinese buildings. To study the dynamic characteristics and seismic responses on this kind of traditional structure, the 3-D finite element models of Xi'an drum tower which included the high platform base, upper timber structure and whole structure was established considering the structural form and material performance parameters of the structure in this study. By the modal analysis, the main frequencies and mode shapes of this kind of traditional building were obtained and investigated. The three kinds of earthquake excitations included El-Centro wave, Taft wave and Lanzhou wave were separately imposed on the upper timber structure model and the overall structure model, and the seismic responses on the tops of columns were analyzed. The results of time history analysis show that the seismic response of the upper timber structure is obviously amplified by high platform base. After considering the effect of high platform base, the mean value on the lateral displacement increments of the top column in the overall structure is more than 20.478% and the increase of dynamic coefficients was all above 0.818 under the above three different earthquake excitations. Obviously, it shows that the existence of high platform base has a negative influence on the seismic responses of upper timber structure. And the high platform base will directly affect the safety of the upper timber structure. Therefore, the influence of high platform base on the dynamic response of its upper timber structure cannot be neglected.

• 교육시설 논문지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2018

In order to figure out the usability of various timber structures in the educational facility, the recent timber structure examples published in the Japanese architectural magazine, 'ShinKenchiku' over the past five years were surveyed. As the results, timber structures were presented in many cases of nursery schools and kindergartens overwhelmingly, and they also used in various school buildings, university facilities, and the roof structure of the school's gymnasium, with intention of having the differentiated design and space features. The examples show that span 6 to 10m is generally used with flexure structure system and flexure+compression structure system added the strut as compression members. In addition concerning stability, it was founded that the struts have an stability effect in the flexure+compression structure system, and flexure structure system examples using semi-rigid joints have open spaces liberally in two-way direction for about 9m span. For large spaces structures with span of 15~20m or more, the various structural system such as suspension structure, truss, flexure+compression, etc. was designed to overcome the material limitations of timbers and to make an design effect in structure system.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.273-282
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• 2020

An innovative high-rise timber-concrete hybrid structure was proposed in previous research, which is composed of the concrete frame-tube structure and the prefabricated timber modules as main structure and substructures, respectively. Considering that the timber substructures are built on the concrete floors at a different height, the floor response spectrum is more effective in estimating the seismic response of substructures. In this paper, the floor response spectra of the hybrid structure with different structural parameters were calculated using dynamic time-history analysis. Firstly, one simplified model that can well predict the seismic response of the hybrid structure was proposed and validated. Then the construction site, the mass ratio and the frequency ratio of the main-sub structure, and the damping ratio of the substructures were discussed. The results demonstrate that the peaks of the floor response spectra usually occur near the vibration periods of the whole structure, among which the first two peaks stand out; In most cases, the acceleration amplification effect on substructures tends to be more evident when the construction site is farther from the fault rupture; On the other hand, the acceleration response of substructures can be effectively reduced with an appropriate increase in the mass ratio of the main-sub structure and the damping ratio of the substructures; However, the frequency ratio of the main-sub structure has no discernible effect on the floor response spectra. This study investigates the characteristics of the floor response spectrum of the novel timber-concrete structure, which supports the future applications of such hybrid structure in high-rise buildings.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.561-576
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• 2022

Heritage timber structures represent the history and culture of a nation. These structures have been inherited from previous generations; however, they inevitably exhibit deterioration over time, potentially leading to structural deficiencies. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) offers the potential to assess operational anomalies, deterioration, and damage through processing and analysis of data collected from transducers and sensors mounted on the structure. This paper reports on the design and implementation of a long-term SHM system on the Feiyun Wooden Pavilion in China, a three-story timber building built more than 500 years ago. The principles and features of the design and implementation of SHM systems for heritage timber buildings are systematically discussed. In total, 104 sensors of 6 different types are deployed on the structure to monitor the environmental effects and structural responses, including air temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction, structural temperatures, strain, inclination, and acceleration. In addition, integrated data acquisition and transmission subsystem using a newly developed software platform are implemented. Selected preliminary statistical and correlation analysis using one year of monitoring data are presented to demonstrate the condition assessment capability of the system based on the monitoring data.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.469-478
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 두 개의 주요 구조부분으로 구성된 새로운 하이브리드 목조 벽체의 내화성능을 평가하였다. 수직하중을 전적으로 담당하는 기둥-보 형태의 기본 골조에 두 가지 형태의 벽체가 채워졌을 때 이 전체를 내력 벽체로 가정하고 그 내화성능을 평가하고자 하였다. 하이브리드 벽체의 기본 개념은 뼈대를 갖는 전형적인 가구의 구조로부터 채용되었다. 기본이 되는 기둥-보 골조는 국산 낙엽송 소재로서, 기둥은 $180mm{\times}180mm$, 보는 $180mm{\times}240mm$ 단면의 부재가 사용되었다. 기둥-보 골조의 내부에 채워지는 벽체는 두 종류로서, 하나는 블러킹이 사용된 일반적인 경골목구조 벽체이고, 또 하나는 구조용 패널 사이에 스티로폼 단열재가 채워져 일체화된 구조를 이루는 구조용 단열 패널 벽체이다. 내화성능 시험에 사용된 모든 벽체는 2겹의 방화석고보드를 화염 노출면에 부착하였다. 모든 벽체는 우선 기둥-보 골조가 없는 상태에서 표준화염 조건에서 내화성능 시험을 수행하였고 다시 기둥-보 골조와 결합된 형태로 내화성능 시험을 수행하였다. 시험에 적용된 화염조건은 KS F 2257의 조건을 적용하였고 시험 중 구조체 내부 각 부위의 온도변화도 측정하였다. 본 연구를 통해 기둥-보 골조의 보강이 목구조 벽체의 내화성능 향상에 상당히 기여하는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.60-69
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• 2013

Timber is an eco-friendly material that is suitable for low carbon and green growth, and recently, studies on utilization and manufacture of timber are increasing. Thus, we need a stable supply of wood working materials for the formative element and widespread function of timber. It is necessary to develop the use of timber because it enhances the added value of this material by making the most of it. In this way, skin-timber is an appropriate material for life articles because skin-timber has a variety of functions including the ability for storage use, the beauty of structure, the ability to maintain heat and insulation, and the capability to control humidity. In this study, I developed household items using skin-timbers that are made up of circular columns and square columns of pine, larch, and yellow popular. The circular and square columns have an inner hole that is approximately 90% of the external structure's width. I intended for the concept of these designs to display creativity considering functionality and productivity. These items are life articles and furniture for modern people. They are eco-friendly products that are varnished with traditional lacquer and natural oil. According to the result of this study, skin-timbers are made of domestic pine, larch, and yellow popular and are resource of furniture, household items, and woodcraft. I believe skin-timber is not only a useful material for processability and design applicability, but it also has the capability to be a multifunctional and high value-added material. Also, if the standards, such as cortex thickness, outside diameter, and length, of skin-timber are producted diversely, I believe skin-timber can be have more the possibility of industrial products' development.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제77권3호
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• pp.383-394
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• 2021

Column foot in traditional Chinese timber structures may be subjected to be uplifted due to the lateral load and subsequently reset under the vertical loads. The residual moment of the rocking column foot is the most important parameter representing the mechanical behaviors of column foot, and the simplification of joints is the basis of structural analysis of whole structure. The complicated mechanical behaviors of joint and the modeling of the column foot joint has been undertaken historically based on the experiments and numerical simulation. On the condition of limited application range of those models, a lack of simplified model to represent the mechanical behaviors of joint deserves attentions. There is a great need to undertake theoretical studies to derive the residual moment and make better simplified model of the joint. This paper proposes the residual moment and equivalent simplified model of the rotational stiffness for column foot joint. And, the timber frame is established based on the simplified model, which is verified by solid finite element model. Results show that a mutual agreement on the mechanical behaviors of the timber frame is obtained between the simplified model and the solid finite element model. This study can serve as the references of the structural analysis for the traditional timber structures.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.30-36
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• 2012

The total yield of Pinus koraiensis stands was reviewed along forest function by using goal programming, which is one of the operations research techniques. The 4 kinds of management goals are set to identify timber production in the Research Forest of Kangwon National University. As a result, scenario 1 was estimated the best timber production over 2,073 ha area and also 588 ha in the third quarter was showed the most timber harvest. The rate of timber harvest was separated by 10 to 50 percent in non-timber forest function in the scenario 1 and that model was applied to the Research Forest of Kangwon National University. The structure of the area and volume is showed to be balanced quarterly when rate of timber harvest at 10 to 20 percent.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.197-206
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• 2022

Recently, steel-timber hybrid buildings have become prevalent worldwide because several advantages of both steel and timber structures are maintained in the hybrid system. In Taiwan, seismic design specification related to steel-timber hybrid buildings remains void. In this study, the ductility capacity of steel-timber hybrid buildings in Taiwanese seismic design specification is first proposed and evaluated using nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). Three non-linear structural models, 12-story, 8-story, and 6-story steel-timer hybrid buildings were constructed using OpenSees. In each model, Douglas-fir was adopted to assemble the upper 4 stories as a timber structure while a conventional steel moment-resisting frame was designated in the lower part of the model. FEMA P-695 methodology was employed to perform IDAs considering 44 earthquakes to assess if the ductility capacity of steel-timber hybrid building is appropriate. The analytical results indicate that the current ductility capacity of steel moment-resisting frames can be directly applied to steel-timber hybrid buildings if the drift ratio of each story under the seismic design force for buildings in Taiwan is less than 0.3%. As a result, engineers are able to design a steel-timber hybrid building straightforwardly by following current design specification. Otherwise, the ductility capacity of steel-timber hybrid buildings must be modified which depends on further studies in the future.