• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.23 no.12
• /
• pp.2089-2099
• /
• 2014

Emissions from aircraft have impacts on the air pollution of airport and the surrounding area. There are methods of emissions calculated as Tier 1, Tier2, Tier 3A and Tier 3B. Thus, this study investigated emissions from aircraft at the Gimhae International Airport using EDMS(Emissions & Dispersion Modeling System) program. Results of estimation from aviation emissions, Tier 3B considering all parts which can occur at the airport has the largest amount emissions. In order to understand the relation between aviation emissions and distribution of ozone concentration over airport area, numerical evaluation were carried out. Although the difference of surface ozone distribution between numerical assessment with and without aviation emissions was little, effects of air pollution at airport area from aviation emissions of NOx and VOCs.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TE
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.124-133
• /
• 2002

In this thesis. we present the cyber lecture system based on XML 3-tier that uses the communication network as the internet. The system was designed to analysis the existing cyber lecture system and its details and to examine web system architecture and XML 3-tier model. With the designed system, we developed the cyber lecture system. We tested the existing system for performance and problem, then we improved the method of the cyber lecture system used by XML 3-tier Model. The cyber lecture system is offered the handiness of the cyber lecture system using web interface.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Information Technology Applications Conference
• /
• 2002.11a
• /
• pp.331-335
• /
• 2002

인터넷의 발전은 사용자들의 정보에 대한 요구를 급속히 증가시키고 있으며, 고급 정보 획득을 위한 사용료에 대한 부담도 함께 증가하고 있다. 따라서 사용자 각자가 보유한 정보들을 다른 사용자들에게 오픈 시켜 공유할 수 있도록 하는 시스템의 개발에 대한 요구가 발생하게 되었다. 이러한 요구에 맞추어 본 논문에서는 네티즌들이 서로의 컴퓨터에 접속하여 상대방이 가진 정보들을 검색하고 공유할 수 있는 p2p(peer to peer) 시스템인 $\ulcorner$p2p-31$\lrcorner$을 제안하게 되었다. $\ulcorner$p2p-3$\lrcorner$ 시스템은 객체지향설계 기법인 UML을 이용하여 개발함으로써 시스템 구현의 효율성을 추구하였다. 또한 일반적인 p2P 시스템의 문제점으로 대두된 보안문제를 해결하기 위하여 3-tier 분산시스템을 이용하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Industrial Systems Conference
• /
• 2002.11a
• /
• pp.331-335
• /
• 2002

인터넷의 발전은 사용자들의 정보에 대한 요구를 급속히 증가시키고 있으며, 고급 정보 획득을 위한 사용료에 대한 부담도 함께 증가하고 있다. 따라서 사용자 각자가 보유한 정보들을 다른 사용자들에게 오픈 시켜 공유할 수 있도록 하는 시스템의 개발에 대한 요구가 발생하게 되었다. 이러한 요구에 맞추어 본 논문에서는 네티즌들이 서로의 컴퓨터에 접속하여 상대방이 가진 정보들을 검색하고 공유할 수 있는 p2p(peer to peer) 시스템인 $\ulcorner$p2p-3$\lrcorner$을 제안하게 되었다. $\ulcorner$p2p-3$\lrcorner$시스템은 객체지향설계 기법인 UML을 이용하여 개발함으로써 시스템 구현의 효율성을 추구하였다. 또한 일반적인 p2p 시스템의 문제점으로 대두된 보안문제를 해결하기 위하여 3-tier 분산시스템을 이용하였다.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.78-86
• /
• 2013

The researches for reduce $CO_2$ are going along animatedly in hole industry area. In construction area, the researches to minimize $CO_2$ emission are progressing variously. The researches to minimize $CO_2$ emission based on $CO_2$ emission. The method measuring $CO_2$ emission are using $CO_2$ emission coefficient on fuel consumption, LCA and an inter-industry relation table. Especially, the methods using the carbon emission coefficient based on fuel consumption are 3 types(Tier1~Tier3) of IPCC. Present, the most using method(Tier1) is using the fuel consumption and the carbon emission coefficient. But because this method do not effect each vehicle distance and driving environment, we can't calculate right $CO_2$ emission. Especially construction project's $CO_2$ emission could be different by project's characteristic. However, we can't apply these difference with present methods. So we need methodology calculating $CO_2$ emission by applying personal project's characteristic and these methodology's most important things is directly measuring $CO_2$ emission of construction equipment which use energy. The object of this study is to develop the $CO_2$ emission calculation methodology which occur in construction process, is to suggest ways to measure in real time $CO_2$ emission from construction equipment.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
• /
• 2005.05a
• /
• pp.975-978
• /
• 2005

최근 사용자 요구 사항의 증대로 기존 2계층 아키텍처 기반 시스템에서의 제약 요인을 개선한 다중 계층 아키텍처 기반의 시스템으로 전환하고 있는 추세이다. 본 연구의 목적은 기존 2계층 아키텍처 기반의 시스템과 다중 계층 아키텍처 기반의 시스템에 대한 비교 우위의 분석을 통하여 보다 나은 시스템을 도출하고, 도출된 시스템의 구현 방안을 모색하는 데에 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 2계층 아키텍처와 다중 계층 아키텍처의 구성 체계를 비교한 후 다중 계층 아키텍처의 비교 우위를 알 수 있었다. 또한 이의 구현을 위한 주요 개념인 COM+, 컴포넌트, 객체등을 분석하였으며, 다중 계층 아키텍처 기반 시스템의 클라이언트 시스템 계층, 비즈니스 계층을 구현하기 위한 방안을 제시하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.657-665
• /
• 2010

Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) is known to be a major greenhouse gas partially emitted from waste combustion facilities. According to the greenhouse gas emission inventory in Korea, the quantity of the gas emitted from waste sector in 2005 represents approximately 2.5 percent of all domestic greenhouse gas emission. Currently, the emission rate of greenhouse gas from the waste sector is relatively constant partly because of both the reduced waste disposal in landfills and the increased amounts of waste materials for recycling. However, the greenhouse gas emission rate in waste sectors is anticipated to continually increase, mainly due to increased incineration of solid waste. The objective of this study was to analyze the property of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and estimate $CO_2$ emissions from domestic MSW incineration facilities. The $CO_2$ emission rates obtained from the facilities were surveyed, along with other two methods, including Tier 2a based on 2006 IPCC Guideline default emission factor and Tier 3 based on facility specific value. The $CO_2$ emission rates were calculated by using $CO_2$ concentrations and gas flows measured from the stacks. Other parameters such as waste composition, dry matter content, carbon content, oxidation coefficient of waste were included for the calculation. The $CO_2$ average emission rate by the Tier 2a was 34,545 ton/y, while Tier 3 was 31,066 ton/y. Based on this study, we conclude that Tier 2a was overestimated by 11.2 percent for the $CO_2$ emission observed by Tier 3. Further study is still needed to determine accurate $CO_2$ emission rates from municipal solid waste incineration facilities and other various combustion facilities by obtaining country-specific emission factor, rather than relying on IPCC default emission factor.

• Korean Journal of School Psychology
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.399-431
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study was to summarize the empirical literature on implementation of positive behavior support (PBS) within a multi-tiered system of supports in American and Korean schools and to compare its key features and outcomes in an attempt to suggest future directions for development of a Korean school-wide PBS model and implementation manuals as well as directions for future research. Twenty-four American articles and 11 Korean articles (total 35 articles) that reported the outcomes of implementation of PBS at a tier 1 and/or tier 2, or tier 3 level and that met established inclusion criteria were analyzed using systematic procedures. Comparisons were made in the areas of key features and outcomes of PBS in addition to general methodology (e.g., participants, design, implementation duration, dependent measures) at each tier of PBS. The results indicated that positive outcomes for student behavior and other areas were reported across tiers in all American and Korean studies. At the tier 1 level, teaching expectations and rules were the primary focus of PBS in American and Korean schools. However, Korean schools focused on modifying the school and classroom environments and teaching social skills whereas American schools focused on teacher training on standardized interventions or curricular by experts and teacher support during implementation of PBS. At the tier 2 level, more American studies reported implementation of tier 2 interventions within school-wide PBS, and Check/In Check/Out (CICO) was found to be the most commonly used tier 2 intervention. The results also indicated that in comparison to Korean schools, American schools were more likely to use systematic screening tools or procedures to identify students who need tier 2 interventions and more likely to promote parental involvement with implementing interventions. At the tier 3 level, more Korean studies reported the outcomes of individualized interventions, but more American studies reported that designing individualized intervention plans based on comprehensive functional behavior assessment results and establishment of systematic screening systems were focused when implementing individualized interventions. Furthermore, few Korean studies reported the assessment of procedural integrity, social validity, and contextual fit in implementing PBS across tiers, indicating the need for development of valid instruments that could be used in assessing these areas. Based on these results, limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are discussed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.15 no.7
• /
• pp.21-29
• /
• 2015

This paper proposes a novel two-tier optimization approach for decision making in many-objective problems. Because the Pareto-optimal solution ratio increases exponentially with an increasing number of objectives, simply finding the Pareto-optimal solutions is not sufficient for decision making in many-objective problems. In other words, it is necessary to discriminate the more preferable solutions from the other solutions. In the proposed approach, user preference-oriented as well as diverse Pareto-optimal solutions can be obtained as candidate solutions by introducing an additional tier of optimization. The second tier of optimization employs the corresponding secondary objectives, global evaluation and crowding distance, which were proposed in previous works, to represent the users preference to a solution and the crowdedness around a solution, respectively. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, decision making for some benchmark functions is conducted, and the outcomes with and without the proposed approach are compared. The experimental results demonstrate that the decisions are successfully made with consideration of the users preference through the proposed approach.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.65-75
• /
• 2004

It is notorious that PIN(Personal Identification Number) is used widely for user verification and authentication in networked environment. But, when the user Identification and password are exposed by hacking, we can be damaged monetary damage as well as invasion of privacy. In this paper, we adopt face recognition-based authentication which have nothing to worry what the ID and password will be exposed. Also, we suggest the remote authentication and verification system by considering not only 2-Tier system but also 3-Tier system getting be distributed. In this research, we analyze the face feature data using the SVM(Support Vector Machine) and PCA(Principle Component Analysis), and implement artificial intelligence face recognition module in distributed environment which increase the authentication speed and heightens accuracy by utilizing artificial intelligence techniques.