• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.343-349
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• 1994

The study was taken to analyze the laboratory findings of the 161 patients with autoimmune thyroiditis treated at Kyungpook University Hospital from January 1992 to July 1993. They were all female and mean age was 33 years ranging from 10 to 73 years. Mean radioactive iodine uptake(RAIU) of the thyroid was $30.90{\pm}21.80(mean{\pm}SD)%$ at 6 hours and $37.97{\pm}23.25%$ at 24 hours. Mean serum levels of thyroid hormones were $1.41{\pm}0.48$(ng/ml) of T3, $7.26{\pm}3.23$(ug/dl) of T4, and $1.11{\pm}0.66$(ng/dl) of free T4, while mean serum level of TSH was $17.99{\pm}30.72$(uIU/ml). Mean levels of serum autoantibodies were 24. $43{\pm}31.91$(U/ml) of antithyroglobulin antibody and $55.32{\pm}41.97$(U/ml) of antimicrosomal antibody. The correlation between RAIU and serum thyroid hormone levels was significantly negative, but the positive correlation between RAIU and serum TSH was noted. The correlation between thyroid hormones and TSH was significantly negative, but the positive correlation between RAIU and serum TSH was noted. The correlation between thyroid hormones and TSH was significantly negative, while antimicrosomal antibody titer revealed significantly positive correlation with TSH. The RAIU and free T4 showed negatively correlated with the increasing age. The Initial clinical findings of the patients with autoimmune thyroiditis revealed euthyroidism in 83.2%, hypothyroidism in 14.9%, and hyperthyroidism in 1.9%. The incidence of abnormally increased serum thyroglobulin, antithyroglobulin antibody, and antimicrosomal antibody were 21.3%, 97.5%, and 87.6%, respectively and these abnormalities were more frequent in the patients with documented clinical thyroid functional disturbances.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.77-85
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• 2018

Objective : This study was intended to examine the effects of water extract of Prunellae Spica (PS), which is a herb with 'cold' nature based on hot and cold theory of traditional Korean medicine. Methods : Hyperthyroidism was induced in SD rats by LT4 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) daily for four weeks. After 2 weeks of LT4 injection, rats were divided randomly into four groups; normal, LT4-induced hyperthyroid control, PS extract (500 mg/kg, p.o.)-treated group, and propylthiouracil (PTU, 10 mg/kg, s.c.)-treated positive group. After 2 weeks of drug treatment, all rats were sacrificed and harvested blood samples and thyroid tissues. The changes of body weight, food and water intake, and body temperature were measured weekly. Serological markers were analyzed in sera using an enzyme-based assay, and thyroid tissues were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E). Brain and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) tissues were isolated and analyzed the expression of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels by Western blot. Results : PS extract administration attenuated the loss of body weight and the increase of body temperature in LT4-induced hyperthyroidism rats. PS extract increased the level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and decreased tiiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4). In action mechanism, PS extract regulated the expression of transient receptor potential channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) and transient Receptor Potential channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8), the thermoregulators. Conclusion : To conclude, PS extract can improve the symptoms of hyperthyroidism through regulation of the thyroid hormones imbalance and thermoregulation via TRP channels.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.275-283
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• 2007

Objective : Although hypothyroidism is a common disease in the endocrinology system, it is reported that there are a lot of difficulties in treating it effectively. Aconiti Ra얕 traditionally has been used in treatment of coldness, fatigue, and bradycardia. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of Aconiti Radix on hypothyroidism rat model induced by 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU). Methods : Two-month-old rats were used with administration of PTU which induced hypothyroidism in the rats. After 2 weeks, Aconiti Radix and thyroxine were administered, respectively. The body weights were measured every week. After 4 weeks, the blood samples of all rats were taken from their hearts. They were analyzed biochemically and $T_4$ (thyroid hormone) & TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) was measured by ELISA kits. Results : In comparison with normals, controls showed hypothyroidism with significantly low $T_4$ and high TSH the statistics. In Aconiti Radix administration groups significantly increased $T_4$ was observed in the statistics and its effects were dose-dependent. There was no difference statistically in TSH of Aconiti Radix treatment groups from controls, nor were statistical differences observed significantly in biochemical labs and weight of each group. Conclusions : These findings suggest that Aconiti Radix protects thyroid cells and makes thyroid cells produce thyroid hormones. It is also very safe in the view of liver, kidney function, and other metabolism. It may be a useful agent for treating hypothyroidism.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2001

Obesity is a metabolic disease associated with multiple hormonal abnormalities. Therefore, obesity management aims at balancing these endocrine malfunctions nowadays. Although many studies proved interactions of hormones related with obesity, there are still lots of controversies. Most of these malfunctions are more pronounced in central, visceral obesity than in peripheral obesity. Recently, it is revealed that a central lesion of endocrine malfunction in human visceral obesity is probably related with a hypersensitivity of hypothalamopituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis. Probably associated with this axis, Insulin and cortisol promote lipid accumulation by expressing lipoprotein lipase activity, while sex hormones and growth hormone exert the opposite effects. Also reviewed was thyroid hormone which is closely related with thermogenesis. Serotonin is prescribed as antidepressant and it is applied to some eating disorders. Recently, leptin made in fat deposit also took attentions in terms of regulator of appetite and messenger of sex signal.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 2005

Transcript profiling is a particularly valuable tool in the field of steroid receptor biology, as these receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors and therefore exert their initial effects through altering gene expression in responsive cells. Also, an awareness of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and their potential screening methods to identify endocrine activity have been increased. Here we developed an in-house cDNA microarray, named KISTCHIP-400 ver. 1.0, with 416 clones, based on public database and research papers. These clones contained estrogen, androgen, thyroid hormone & receptors, sex hormone signal transduction & regulation, c-fos, c-myc, ps2 gene, metabolism related genes etc. Also, to validate the KISTCHIP-400 ver. 1.0, we investigated gene expression profiles with reference hormones, $10^{8}\;M\;17{\beta}-estradiol,\;10^{-7}\;M\;testosterone\;and\;10^{-7}\;M$ progesterone in MCF-7 cell line. As the results, gene expression profiles of three reference hormones were distinguished from each other with significant and identified 33 $17{\beta}-estradiol$ responsive genes. This study is in first step of validation for KISTCHIP-400 ver. 1.0, as following step transcriptional profile analysis on not only low concentrations of EDCs but suspected EDCs using KISTCHIP-400 ver. 1.0 is processing. Our results indicate that the developed microarray may be a useful laboratory tool for screening EDCs and elucidating endocrine disrupting mechanism.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2011

To find the preliminary environmental conditions for a short-time transport of living olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, the stress response and physiological metabolic activity of the cultured fish to feed deprivation and slow temperature descending ($15.8^{\circ}C{\rightarrow}13.3^{\circ}C$) were monitored for 8 days. The monitored variables were the plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), electrolytes ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Cl^-$) and thyroid hormones ($TT_4$, $TT_3$, $FT_4$ and $FT_3$). In food deprivation experiment for 8 days, we did not find any statistical change of level in AST, ALT and electrolytes ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Cl^-$), but found a significant decrease in TP and GLU. In thyroid hormones, the levels of four hormones in plasma were all showing a tendency to decrease. Especially, $FT_4$ and $TT_3$ were significantly decreased, indicating a withering of physiologic activity. In the temperature test, although no any significant change in AST, TP and electrolytes ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Cl^-$), we observed a significant decrease of ALT and GLU following to temperature descending from $15.8^{\circ}C$ to $13.3^{\circ}C$ (P<0.05). In the levels of thyroid hormones, any significant change was not observed for experimental period. We conclude that the stress response and physiological activity of olive flounder were more influenced by feed deprivation than slow temperature descending at a transport of living fish, and plasma GLU appears to be sensitive factor to physiological metabolic activity, indicating that it could be used as a monitering mark or index for a health inspection of the fish.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.226-233
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• 2007

Physiological responses of mullet Mugil haematocheilus to cold shock in winter were investigated. The experimental mullets were initially acclimated at $10.0^{\circ}C$ and then the water temperature was reduced to $-1.2^{\circ}C$ for cold shock experiment. The stress responses was monitored for nearly 50 hours. The parameters monitored include survival rate, plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), electrolytes $(Na^+,\;K^+,\;Cl^-)$, cortisol and thyroid hormones $(TT_4,\;TT_3,\;FT_4\;and\;FT_3)$. With the exception of the TP and electrolytes, most parameters changed significantly during the cold shock. The survival rate did not change from $10^{\circ}C\;to\;-0.6^{\circ}C$, but decreased significantly below $-1.0^{\circ}C$, and was zero at $-1.2^{\circ}C$. The plasma AST and ALT concentrations increased remarkably from $2.5^{\circ}C\;to\;0.5^{\circ}C$ and from $2.5^{\circ}C\;to\;1.5^{\circ}C$, respectively, and then declined rapidly as the temperature decreased to $-1.2^{\circ}C$. The plasma GLU concentration did not change until -0.5'E, and then the concentration increased significantly at $-1.2^{\circ}C$. The plasma cortisol concentration increased remarkably from $2.5^{\circ}C\;to\;-0.5^{\circ}C$, and then declined at $-1.2^{\circ}C$. The plasma thyroid hormones showed two changes during the cold shock. Both plasma 74 concentrations increased remarkably from $2.5^{\circ}C$\;to\;0.5^{\circ}C$, then declined rapidly until $-1.2^{\circ}C$, while both plasma 73 concentrations decreased significantly from $10^{\circ}C\;to\;2.5^{\circ}C$, and then remained significantly lower than the concentration at $10^{\circ}C$.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.31-43
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• 1975

In an attempt to establish the diagnostic value of serum triiodothyronine and to correlate it with pathophysiologic mechanisms of thyroid hormones in various thyroid disorders, the author measured the serum triiodothyronine levels by means of radioimmunoassay and compared them with other thyroid function tests. This study was carried out in 152 cases with various thyroid functions; 28 cases as control, 51 cases of hyperthyroidism, 50 cases of euthyroidism and 23 cases of hypothyroidism. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The serum $T_3$ level in normal control group ranged between $131{\pm}34ng/dl$. 2. The serum $T_3$ levels ranged between $306{\pm}97ng/dl$ in hyperthyroidism $138{\pm}32ng/dl$ in euthyroidism and $60{\pm}27ng/dl$ in hypothyroidism. The significant differences between these groups were noted in this study. 3. In 5(9.9%) out of 51 cases with hyperthyoidism and 9(39.1%) of 23 cases with hypothyroidism, the serum $T_3$ were measured to be in normal range. Accordingly, the diagnostic value of the measurement of serum $T_3$ with hyperthyroidism was justifiable, but with hypothyroidism, it was less creditable than that of serum thyrotropin. 4. There was little significant difference between the diagnostic value of serum thyroxine and triiodthyronine levels in various thyroid disorders. However, $T_4/T_3$ ratio was decreased in patients with untreated hyperthyroidism because of more elevation of $T_3\;than\;T_4$. Consequently, the serum $T_3$ was more sensitive than $T_3$ in some thyroid disorders. 5. The serum $T_3$ level was much more sensitive and showed prompt shift in its level during the course of treatment on the patient with various thyroid disorders. And the measurement of serum $T_3$ was a good index for the evaluation of the thyroid function. From these results obtained, the measurement of serum $T_3$ by means of radioimmunoassay is a good way to understand the status of thyroid function with various thyroid disorders and evaluate the effects of the treatment given on these patients.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.362-367
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• 1998

Thyroid hormone(T3) stimulates hepatic lipogenesis by increasing expression of genes, indluding acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase. S14 protein, which is thougth to be involved in lipid metabolism , appears to respond in parallel . Effect of T3 on lipogenesis in white and brown adipose tissue are less clear, and may be complicated by indirect effects of the hormone. We developed an adipocytes system where the indirect effects of thyroid hormone are abolished and direct effects of T3 on lipogenesis could be tested. Fat accumulation was mesured by Oil-Red O staining. Insulin clearly enhanced fat accumulation by 2-fold . Isobutylemethylxanthie(IBMX) apeared to inhibit insulin -stimulated fat accumulation. Dexamethasone increased insulin-stimulatedfat accumulation about 1.3-fold. confluent adipocytes were cultured in serum-free medium or medium containing 10% fetal calf serum or 10% fetal calf serum stripped of thyroid hormone and lipogenesis, assessed by the incorporation of 3H2O , was measured. Medium without serum or supplemented with T3-depleted serum did not amplify the stimulatory effect of T3 on lipogenesis compared to medium containing 10% fetal calf seru. Dexamethasone alone led to a decrease inlopogenesis of about 50 % in white adipocytes and 25% in brown adipocytes. However, dexamethasone amplified the lipogenic respnse to T3 by about 30% in whit eadipocytes and 60% in brown adipocytes. T3(1$\mu$M) stimulated lipogenesis and acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid syntase mRNA levels up to 2 -fold in both types of adipocytes. It seems that these adipocytes systems are as useful model to study the effects of hormones on lipogenic gene expression as well as lipogenesis.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.138-142
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• 2015

L-thyroxine (LT4) withdrawal prior to radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation therapy is a commonly used method for successful treatment of patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). However, a prolonged period of hypothyroidism induced by LT4 withdrawal is sometimes associated with impaired quality of life and cardiopulmonary dysfunction in PTC patients. Furthermore, LT4 withdrawal may have a trophic effect on residual cancer by means of increased thyrotropin. We report on 2 cases of metastatic PTC patients with malignant pleural effusion (MPE) whose disease showed rapid worsening after LT4 withdrawal and RAI therapy. The first case is a 65-year-old woman who had PTC with multiple distant metastases and MPE. During LT4 withdrawal for RAI therapy, MPE showed rapid worsening, and the patient required repetitive therapeutic thoracentesis. The second case is a 49-year-old woman with PTC who underwent 3 additional operations for cancer recurrence in the neck lymph nodes and 6 times of RAI treatments. While preparing for the $7^{th}$ RAI treatment by withdrawing LT4, she developed MPE which became progressively aggravated after RAI therapy. Both patients experienced increased pleural effusion during the LT4 withdrawal period and a rise in the thyroglobulin level was observed after RAI therapy. MPE was not controlled with therapeutic thoracentesis and pleurodesis. Eventually, both patients died of rapid disease progression after RAI therapy. In summary, LT4 withdrawal may have an adverse effect on metastatic PTC patients, particularly those with MPE.