• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.227-235
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• 2016

Objectives : The aims of this study were to know the frequency of cognitive dysfunction among patients with autoimmune thyroid disorders, and to reveal influencing factors on it, especially to clarify association with autoimmune thyroid antibodies. Methods : From sixty-five female patients with autoimmune thyroid disorders, demographic data were obtained by structured interview. Their cognitive funtions were measured using the MMSE-K and the MoCA-K tests. Depression was evaluated by the K-HDRS. Results : 1) Among patients with autoimmune thyroid disorders, 7.69% of them were below 24 on the MMSE-K, while 10.77% were below 22 on the MoCA-K. The frequency of cognitive deficit was not significantly different according to having positivity to antimicrosomal antibodies or not. 2) The antimicrosomal antibody-positive patients had significantly higher antithyroglobulin antibody titers, antimicrosomal antibody titers, and TSH concentration, while had significantly lower free T4 levels(p<0.05, respectively). 3) The total scores of the MMSE-K and the MoCA-K had significant correlation with age, marital status, antithyroglobulin antibody titers and K-HDRS(p<0.05, respectively). 4) The regression analysis revealed that variables such as age, education, autoimmune thyroid antibodies, thyroid function and depression did not influence on cognitive function of patients with autoimmune thyroid disorders. Conclusions : Our results could not support that cognitive function of patients with autoimmune thyroid disorders had correlation with autoimmune thyroid antibodies.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2019

Communications at the interface between the apical membrane of follicular cells and the follicular lumen are critical for the homeostasis of thyroid gland. Primary cilia at the apical membrane of thyroid follicular cells may sense follicular luminal environment and regulate follicular homeostasis, although their role in vivo remains to be determined. Here, mice devoid of primary cilia were generated by thyroid follicular epithelial cell-specific deletion of the gene encoding intraflagellar transport protein 88 (Ift88). Thyroid follicular cellspecific Ift88-deficient mice showed normal folliculogenesis and hormonogenesis; however, those older than 7 weeks showed irregularly dilated and destroyed follicles in the thyroid gland. With increasing age, follicular cells with malignant properties showing the characteristic nuclear features of human thyroid carcinomas formed papillary and solid proliferative nodules from degenerated thyroid follicles. Furthermore, malignant tumor cells manifested as tumor emboli in thyroid vessels. These findings suggest that loss-of-function of Ift88/primary cilia results in malignant transformation from degenerated thyroid follicles.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.29-31
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• 1969

The author observed the uptake rate of $^{131}I$ by the thyroid gland, and disappearing rate of the $^{131}I$ at the site of the intradermal injection of 0.1ml of 5mCi of $^{131}I$ in normal physiologic saline on 20 patients with hyperthyroidism and on 15 patients with hypothyroidism who visited the Radioisotpe department of the Pusan National University Hospital during the period from January 1967 to Aug. 1968, and during the same period 15 normal persons were examined by the same methods and found. The results were as follows: (1) The disappearance rate of $^{131}I$ at the injected site was highest in the cases of hyperthyrodism. The next highest results were obtained in the normal cases. The lowest results were obtained in the cases of hypothyroidism. (2) The uptake rate of the thyroid gland after intradermal injection of the $^{131}I$ was highest in the cases of hyperthyroidism and the next highest results were obtained in the cases of nomal findings. The lowest results were obtained in the cases of hypothyroidism. (3) In conclusion, the intradermal method of injecting $^{131}I$ by the author is a useful way of testing the function of the thyroid gland.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.275-283
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• 2007

Objective : Although hypothyroidism is a common disease in the endocrinology system, it is reported that there are a lot of difficulties in treating it effectively. Aconiti Ra얕 traditionally has been used in treatment of coldness, fatigue, and bradycardia. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of Aconiti Radix on hypothyroidism rat model induced by 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU). Methods : Two-month-old rats were used with administration of PTU which induced hypothyroidism in the rats. After 2 weeks, Aconiti Radix and thyroxine were administered, respectively. The body weights were measured every week. After 4 weeks, the blood samples of all rats were taken from their hearts. They were analyzed biochemically and $T_4$ (thyroid hormone) & TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) was measured by ELISA kits. Results : In comparison with normals, controls showed hypothyroidism with significantly low $T_4$ and high TSH the statistics. In Aconiti Radix administration groups significantly increased $T_4$ was observed in the statistics and its effects were dose-dependent. There was no difference statistically in TSH of Aconiti Radix treatment groups from controls, nor were statistical differences observed significantly in biochemical labs and weight of each group. Conclusions : These findings suggest that Aconiti Radix protects thyroid cells and makes thyroid cells produce thyroid hormones. It is also very safe in the view of liver, kidney function, and other metabolism. It may be a useful agent for treating hypothyroidism.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1972

The author observed the thyroid $^{131}I$ uptake rate using an intradermal injection method. The amount of activity remaining at the site of intradermal injection of 0.1 ml. of $5{\mu}Ci.\;of\;^{131}I$ in physiologic saline was measured in 79 cases of hyperthyroidism and in 24 cases of hypothyroidism. The cases had been confirmed by clinical and laboratory findings, at the department of medicine, (radioisotope clinic) Pusan National University Hospital. Twenty-nine normal control cases were examined currently by the same technique during the period from Jan. 1967 to June 1970. The following results were obtained: 1. In the normal group, the ranges and mean values of the thyroid uptake 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 60 minutes after intradermal $^{131}I$ injection, were $0{\sim}10%(6.33{\pm}1.63),\;0{\sim}15%(7.83{\pm}2.12),\;0{\sim}15%(8.46{\pm}2.82),\;5.1{\sim}20%(9.66{\pm}2.27),\;5.1{\sim}25%(10.47{\pm}2.52),\;5.1{\sim}30%(13.03{\pm}4.42)$. 2. In the hyperthyroid group, the ranges and mean values of the thyroid uptake 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 60 minutes after intradermal $^{131}I$ injection were $5.1{\sim}45%(22.25{\pm}7.04),\;10.1{\sim}50%(28.32{\pm}6.67),\;15.1{\sim}55%(34.78{\pm}11.63),\;15.1{\sim}65%(37.95{\pm}7.72),\;20.1{\sim}65%(41.49{\pm}0.05)\;and\;20.18096(48.71{\pm}12.51)$. 3. In the hypothyroid group, he ranges of thyroid $^{131}I$ uptake by intradermal $^{131}I$ injection at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 60 minutes lay between 0 and 10%, and the the mean values were $4.23{\pm}1.76,\;5.08{\pm}1.68,\;5.56{\pm}1.70,\;6.02{\pm}1.75,\;6.37{\pm}1.91\;and\;6.95{\pm}2.07$. 4. In conclusion, thyroid function test using an intradermal injection method in cases of hyperthyroidism, showed characteristic values which seemed to be of diagnostic significance.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.9-12
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• 2019

One of the major challenges in methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) for drug dependence is the physiological side effects on endocrine hormones. Because of the key role of the thyroid gland in the normal functioning of the human body and brain, this study examined the effect of MMT on thyroid function. Thyroid hormones (T3, T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)) were evaluated in normal and user treated with MMT who were referred to the Province Clinical & Pathology Center of Urmia, Iran. The study was conducted for three months using the Case Series method. A total of 270 samples were collected, 215 were from individuals who were not treated, whereas 55 were from men treated with methadone. Average levels of T3 and T4 in non-treated sample of men are $1.34{\pm}0.02ng/mL$ and $90.96{\pm}1.38ng/mL$ while the corresponding values for patients treated with methadone are $1.39{\pm}0.04ng/mL$ for T3 and $94.57{\pm}2.72ng/mL$ for T4. Mean TSH levels of the non-treated group and the methadone consuming group were $1.75{\pm}0.08{\mu}IU/mL$ and $3.17{\pm}0.45{\mu}IU/mL$, respectively. These results indicate that although men treated with methadone had higher levels of T3, T4, and TSH than normal individuals, only the difference in TSH level was significant. The importance of this difference among individuals on methadone maintenance programs should be investigated in larger samples over long periods of time. Additionally, the effects of methadone treatment on women should be examined.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 1994

Seventy-five patients with tumors of the head and neck treated with either radiation therapy alone or combined with surgery or chemotherapy were studied prospectively to evaluate the effects of radiation therapy to the neck on thyroid gland between September 1986 and October 1992. All patients were serially monitored for thyroid function tests before and after radiation therapy. Radiation dose to the thyroid gland ranged from 35 to 60 Gy with a median dose of 50 Gy. Median follow-up time was 30 months with a range of 11 to 85 months. The incidence of thyroid dysfunction was 40$ \% $: forty-five patients(60$ \% $) euthyroid, 2 patients(3$ \% $) clinical hypothyroidism, 27 patients(36$ \% $) subclinical hypothyroidism and 1 patient(1$ \% $) hyperthyroidism. No thyroid nodules or thyroid cancer were detected in any patients. Thyroid dysfunction appeared earlier in patients who underwent surgery than in those patients treated with radiation therapy alone or combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy(P=0.0013). By multivariate analysis, risk factors that significantly influenced a higher incidence of thyroid dysfunction were female sex(p=0.0293) and combination of total laryngectomy and radiation therapy(p : 0.0045). In conclusion, evaluation of thyroid function before and after radiation therapy with periodic thyroid function tests are recommended to detect thyroid dysfunction in time and thyroid hormone replacement therapy is recommended whenever thyroid dysfunction develops.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.305-331
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• 1997

So far we oriental medical doctors have referred to Shin(腎) as endocrine system, especially suprarenal gland, sexual gland and autonomic nervous system, thyroid etc. as well as kidney. But the sight on thyroid is weak and the relationship with Shin(腎) hasn't been suggested clearly. The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship between Shin(腎) with thyroid. The following are the results. 1. Ki Gi(氣機) of Shin(腎) is similar to the fuction of thyroid in that they are the base of human metabolism, influencing all the metabolism of human tissue. 2. Shin Yang(腎陽) and thyroid hormone are almost identical in that they are the base of Yang Gi(陽氣), the former as source of heat energy, the latter as energy hormone. 3. Shin(腎) and thyroid hormone are almost the same in that they activate growth of human body. 4. Ki Gi(氣機) of Shin(腎) such as Ju Gol(主骨), Saeng Su(生髓), Tong uh Noi(通於腦) is similar to the effects of thyroid hormone on bones, central nervous system and hair 5. The symptoms of deficiency of Shin Eum(腎陰虛) are almost identical with those of hyperthyroidism, so the process of Yang Hwa Gi(陽化氣) caused by exuberance of Yang due to deficiency of Shin Eum(腎陰虛陽亢) is similar to excessive metabolism caused by hyperthyroidism. 6. The process of Eum Seong Hyung(陰成形) caused by preponderance of Eum due to deficiency of Shin Yang(腎陽虛陰盛) is similar to the lowering of metabolism caused by hypothyroidism. 7. Deficiency of Shin Eum(腎陰虛) is similar to hyperthyroidism, deficiency of Shin Yang(腎陽虛) to hypothyroidism. But there are major difference in edema and the fuction of intestine. To conclude, Ki Gi(氣機) of Shin is similar to the function of throid in many respects. I hope that there will be further studies on the relationship beteen thyroid malfuction with deficiency of Shin Yang(腎陽虛) or of Shin Eum(腎陰虛) in the future.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.2107-2117
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• 2015

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine neoplasia. The medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is one of the most aggressive forms of thyroid malignancy,accounting for up to 10% of all types of this disease. The mode of inheritance of MTC is autosomal dominantly and gain of function mutations in the RET proto-oncogene are well known to contribute to its development. MTC occurs as hereditary (25%) and sporadic (75%) forms. Hereditary MTC has syndromic (multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A, B; MEN2A, MEN2B) and non-syndromic (Familial MTC, FMTC) types. Over the last two decades, elucidation of the genetic basis of tumorigenesis has provided useful screening tools for affected families. Advances in genetic screening of the RET have enabled early detection of hereditary MTCs and prophylactic thyroidectomy for relatives who may not show any symptom sof the disease. In this review we emphasize the main RET mutations in syndromic and non syndromic forms of MTC, and focus on the importance of RET genetic screening for early diagnosis and management of MTC patients, based on American Thyroid Association guidelines and genotype-phenotype correlation.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.195-201
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• 2006

1. Objectives The purpose of this case is to report that a Soyangin Heat sensation in the chest patient Diagnosed as Hyperthyroidism was treated with 'Yangkyuksanhwa-tang' and Antithyroid drugs in conjunction and then her symptom and thyroid function test results improved. 2. Methods We diagnosed her Hypetthyroidism on Soyangin Syndrome. So we treated her with 'Yangkyuksanhwa-tang' and Antithyroid drugs in combination. 3. Results This patient's symptom and thyroid function test results were improved 4. Conclusions By a combined treatment on a Soyangin Heat sensation in the chest patient Diagnosed as Hypetthyroidism, her symptom and thyroid function test results were improved. This case study showed an efficient results by giving Yangkyuksanhwa-tang in treatment of Soyangin Heat sensation in the chest patient.