• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.243-247
• /
• 2012

Recent studies suggest that immunization with autologous dendritic cells (DCs) results in protective immunity and rejection of established tumors in various human malignancies. The purpose of this study is to determine whether DCs are generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNs) by using cytokines such as F1t-3 ligand (FL), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-4, and TNF-${\alpha}$, and whether cytotoxic T cells activated against the thyroid cancer tissues by the DCs. Peripheral blood was obtained from 2 patients with thyroid cancer. DCs were established from PBMNs by culturing in the presence of FL, GM-CSF, IL-4, and TNF-${\alpha}$ for 14 days. At day 14, the differentiated DCs was analyzed morphologically. The immunophenotypic features of DCs such as CDla, CD83, and CD86 were analyzed by immunofluorelescence microscopy. At day 18, DCs and T cells were incubated with thyroid cancer tissues or normal thyroid tissues for additional 4 days, respectively. DCs generated from the PBMNs showed the typical morphology of DCs. Activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were observed also. DCs and the CTLs were attached to the cancer tissues on scanning electron microscope. The DCs activated the CTLs, which able to specifically attack the thyroid cancer. This study provides morphologic evidence that the coculture of T cells/cancer tissues activated the T cells and differentiated CTLs. The CTLs tightly adhered to cancer tissues and lysed cancer tissues vigorously. Therefore DCs could be used as potential vaccines in the immunotherapy.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.110-116
• /
• 1991

To elucidate alteration of peripheral T cell subsets in thyroid tumors, the author enumerated T cell subsets in periphral blood by indirect immunofluorescent method, using monoclonal antibodies (CD3, CD4 and CD8) in 17 cases of thyroid cancer, 12 cases of thyroid adenoma, and 16 cases of adult healthy subjects as controls. Diagnoses were confirmed histopatologically in thyroid cancer and adenoma, and were established on the basis of commonly accepted clinical and biochemical criteria in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The blood was drawn from veins of the patients and control subjects in Pusan National University Hospital during the period of January to October 1990. The results obtained were summarized as follow: 1) The percentage of CD3+ cells was significantly decreased in thyroid cancer as compared with healthy subjects. 2) The percentage of CD4+ cells was not different among thyroid cancer, thyroid adenoma, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and control subjects each other. 3) The percentage of CD8+ cells was significantly decreased in thyroid cancer as compared with adult healthy subjects, and tended to be decreased as compared with thyroid adenoma and Ha-shimoto's thyroiditis. 4) The CD/CD8 ratio was significantly increased in thyroid cancer as compared with control subjects, and tended to be increased as compared with thyroid adenoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. On the basis of the results, it can be suggested that the immunodysfunction may be due to decreased soppressor/cytotoxic T cells in thyroid cancer.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.241-248
• /
• 2007

To clarify the growth mechanisms of thyroid tumors, we investigated apoptotic cells in 88 thyroid tumors, consisting of 24 adenomas, 58 papillary thyroid carcinomas, and 6 undifferentiated carcinoma, using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate digoxigenin-nick end labeling (TUNEL). The cell proliferating marker was also evaluated immunohistochemically using the monoclonal antibody to Ki-67 antigen (MIB-1) in the same tumors. The apoptosis was expressed as a percentage of the TUNEL-positive cells in the tumor cells, and a proliferating marker, being the percentage of Ki-67 positive cells, was counted up each tumor. The statistical analysis were used analysis of variance (ANOVA) and student's t-test that were analyze the differences in the rate of each histological types of the thyroid tumors. The overall level of apoptosis was extremely low in all histological types of the thyroid tumors analyzed, the mean apoptosis being $0.31{\pm}0.40$ in adenoma, $0.55{\pm}0.48 $in papillary thyroid carcinoma, and $4.60{\pm}3.27$ in undifferentiated carcinoma. The Ki-67 protein in the thyroid tumor subtypes was significantly lower in adenoma and papillary carcinoma, at $2.45{\pm}2.99$ and $6.27{\pm}4.42$, respectively, than that in undifferentiated carcinoma at $26.47{\pm}23.88$ (p<0.0001). There was no correlation between clinicopathological factors and apoptosis or Ki-67 in papillary thyroid carcinoma. In conclusion, our findings suggest that apoptosis occurs infrequently in thyroid tumor, and that cell proliferating maker Ki-67 markedly differs according to the thyroid tumor subtypes. Moreover, the ratio between proliferating cells and apoptotic cells may reflect thyroid tumor progression.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.67-71
• /
• 2001

Primary malignant lymphoma of the thyroid gland is uncommon malignancies. Its fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) findings are rarely described in the literature. This article highlights the FNAC diagnosis of primary malignant lymphoma of the thyroid gland. A 70-year-old female presented with a rapidly enlarging thyroid mass of five months' duration. FNAC smears showed low cellularity consisting of predominantly atypical enlarged lymphoid cells admixed with a few small lymphocytes, plasma cells, and oncocytic cells. Some disrupted lymphoid cells were also present. The tumor cells infiltrated into the thyroid follicular epithelium forming lymphoepithelial lesion, The cytologic appearance showed a diffuse mixture of cell types with only a few small, mature lymphocytes and many enlaraed lymphoid cells. The enlarged lymphoid cells were atypical and pleomorphic with nuclear clefting and irregularities. Grossly, the left lobe of the thyroid was nearly replaced by a diffuse firm to soft solid mass with smooth tan fish-flesh homogeneous cut surface. Histological diagnosis was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with areas of marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT type.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.333-338
• /
• 2005

Many of thyroid hormones disrupting chemicals induce effects via interaction with thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors and responsive elements intrinsic in target cells. We studied thyroid hormones disrupting effects of food additives and contaminants including BHA, BHT, ethoxyquin, propionic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, CPM, aflatoxin B1, cadmium chloride, genistein, TCDD, PCBs and TDBE in recombinant HeLa cells containing plasmid construct for thyroxin responsive elements. The limit of response of the recombinant cells to T3 and T4 was $1\times10^{-12}\;M$. BHA. genistein, cadmium and TBDE were interacted with thyroid receptors with dose-responsive pattern. In addition, BHA, BHT, ethoxyquin, propionic acid, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and TBDE showed synergism while cadmium chloride antagonism for T3-induced activity. This study elucidates that recombinant HeLa cell is sensitive and high-throughput system for the detection of chemicals that induce thyroid hormonal disruption via thyroid hormone receptors and responsive elements. Also this study raised suspect of BHA. BHT, ethoxyquin, propionic acid, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, TBDE, genisteine and cadmium chloride as thyroid hormonal system disruptors.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.113-122
• /
• 2019

Communications at the interface between the apical membrane of follicular cells and the follicular lumen are critical for the homeostasis of thyroid gland. Primary cilia at the apical membrane of thyroid follicular cells may sense follicular luminal environment and regulate follicular homeostasis, although their role in vivo remains to be determined. Here, mice devoid of primary cilia were generated by thyroid follicular epithelial cell-specific deletion of the gene encoding intraflagellar transport protein 88 (Ift88). Thyroid follicular cellspecific Ift88-deficient mice showed normal folliculogenesis and hormonogenesis; however, those older than 7 weeks showed irregularly dilated and destroyed follicles in the thyroid gland. With increasing age, follicular cells with malignant properties showing the characteristic nuclear features of human thyroid carcinomas formed papillary and solid proliferative nodules from degenerated thyroid follicles. Furthermore, malignant tumor cells manifested as tumor emboli in thyroid vessels. These findings suggest that loss-of-function of Ift88/primary cilia results in malignant transformation from degenerated thyroid follicles.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.513-519
• /
• 1996

The development of calcitonin, serotonin(5-HT) and bovine chromogranin (BCG)-immunoreactive cells was investigated in the thyroid glands of Korean native goat from fetus to adult, using an immunohistochemical method. Moderate number of calcitonin-immunoreactive cells were present in the thyroid glands from 1 month to 6 months after birth, whereas a few in the adult. They were not present in the thyroid glands of fetus and 1 day after birth. A number of 5-HT- and BCG-immunoreactive cells were present in the thyroid glands of Korean native goat from fetus to adult. They were increased in number with age. BCG-immunoreactive cells were weakly reacted in fetus and 1 day after birth, while these cell were strongly stained from 1 month to adult. These findings suggest that calcitonin-, 5-HT- and BCG-immunoreactive cells were present in the thyroid gland of Korean native goat.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.133-142
• /
• 2007

Cytologic diagnosis of the metastatic tumors to the thyroid is important in the management of the patients. There have been rare reports analyzing fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of metastatic tumors to the thyroid. This study examines comprehensive cytologic findings of metastatic tumors to the thyroid with radiologic findings. The FNA cytology slides obtained from 12 cases with metastatic tumors of the thyroid; lung cancer (n=5), tongue and tonsil cancer (n=3), esophageal cancer (n=2), and breast cancer (n=2) were reviewed. Radiological study showed single mass with heterogeneous texture or multiple masses without calcification. Metastatic tumor was easily considered in a differential diagnosis of FNA cytology because they had peculiar cytological features which were not seen in primary thyroid tumor. The smear background varied from predominantly necrotic, bloody, and inflammatory to colloid. The aspirates exhibited a mixture of benign follicular cells and malignant cells in 6 cases. The characteristic cytoplasmic features of the tumor cells, such as keratin, mucin and melanin, were found in 9 cases. Although some cases mimic primary thyroid neoplasm, a careful examination of the cytological characteristics may help cytopathologists to recognize a metastatic tumor in the thyroid by FNA, and may help the clinicians to establish a proper treatment plan.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.1241-1245
• /
• 2015

Background: Thyroid carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the endocrine organs. Although the majority of thyroid cancer patients experience positive outcomes, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is considered one of the most aggressive malignancies. Current therapeutic regimens do not confer a significant survival benefit, and new therapies are urgently needed. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) may represent a promising therapy for cancer. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of a third-generation HSV vector, $G47{\Delta}$, on various human thyroid carcinoma cell lines in vitro. Two subcutaneous (s.c.) models of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma were also established to evaluate the in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of $G47{\Delta}$. Materials and Methods: The human thyroid carcinoma cell line ARO, FRO, WRO, and KAT-5, were infected with $G47{\Delta}$ at different multiplicities of infection (MOIs) in vitro. The survival rates of infected cells were calculated each day. Two s.c. tumor models were established using ARO and FRO cells in Balb/c nude mice, which were intratumorally (i.t.) treated with either $G47{\Delta}$ or mock. Tumor volumes and mouse survival times were documented. Results: $G47{\Delta}$ was highly cytotoxic to different types of thyroid carcinomas. For ARO, FRO, and KAT-5, greater than 30% and 80% of cells were killed at MOI=0.01 and MOI=0.1, respectively on day 5. WRO cells displayed modest sensitivity to $G47{\Delta}$, with only 21% and 38% of cells killed. In the s.c. tumor model, both of the anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines (ARO and FRO) were highly sensitive to $G47{\Delta}$; $G47{\Delta}$ significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival of mice bearing s.c. ARO and FRO tumors. Conclusions: The oHSV $G47{\Delta}$ can effectively kill different types of human thyroid carcinomas in vitro. $G47{\Delta}$ significantly inhibited growth of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in vivo and prolonged animal survival. Therefore, $G47{\Delta}$ may hold great promise for thyroid cancer patients.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.57-61
• /
• 1997

A primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid is extremely rare disease. We evaluated this disease by fine needle aspiration cytology in a 43 year-old female. On physical examination, the thyroid was moderately enlarged and palpated with hard consistency. The cytologic aspirate revealed nests of squamous cells, malignant squame and thyroid follicular cells in the necrotic background. We diagnosed this tumor as squamous cell carcinoma with cytologic evidence. Surgically resected thyroid revealed well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining for antithyroglobulin proved that this tumor was primary in origin and clinical study confirmed this lesion to be of primary thyroid origin rather than metastasis or direct invasion from contiguous structures.