• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.350-356
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• 2011

Environment-friendly agro-materials tend to be preferred to chemical insecticides recently. For this reason, many studies were conducted to develop environment-friendly insecticides containing natural materials. The purpose of this study was to assess ecotoxicity for 5 plant essential oils (Thyme white, Clove bud, Cassia, Lavender, Lemon eucalyptus) expected to prevent from pests and be used for agro-materials. Target species used to assess acute toxicity were aquatic invertebrate (Daphina magna), fish (Oryzias latipes), honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and earthworm (Eisenia fetida). The EC50 value, toxicological responses of thyme white, clove bud, and cassia to Daphina magna were 2.5, 2.8, and $6.9mg\;L^{-1}$ respectively and these values were moderately toxic according to standard of USEPA. $EC_{50}$ of Lavender and lemon eucalyptus were >$10mg\;L^{-1}$ then they were considered as slightly toxicity. In case of acute toxicity test to fish, $LC_{50}$ of thyme white and cassia were 6.7 and $7.5mg\;L^{-1}$ each other. The other plant essential oils indicated $LC_{50}$ >$10mg\;L^{-1}$. Acute contact and oral toxicity test to Honeybee were conducted. As a result, $LD_{50}$ of all essential oils were >$100{\mu}g$ a.i. $bee^{-1}$ in both of tests. In case of acute toxicity test to earthworm, $LC_{50}$ of thyme white, clove bud, cassia, lavender, and lemon eucalyptus were 149, 230, 743, 234, and $635mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. In conclusion, if the safety for earthworm is confirmed, 5 plant essential oils are expected to be use for environment-friendly insecticide materials with low risk against ecosystem and contribute to developing environment-friendly agro-materials.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.651-661
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• 1996

Algeria is located at the Mediterranean coast of north Africa, 90% of its population is concentrated in the coastal area which is mainly devoted to agriculture. Highland steppe and vast desert climate have determined its food culture. Long arab domination has influenced food of Algeria which has also undergone certain impact of Spanish, Turkish and French occupation. A variety of agricultural products, vegetables, fruits, spices and herbs have determined cooking method and food combination of Algeria. It use neither pork nor alcohol. Its main food consists of bread made from wheat flour and couscous cooked with semoule, Mechuwi, roast lamb and chorba, mixed soup are also typical foods of this region. For climatic reason lamb and chicken are prefered. Energy efficient method is applied to cooking through using oil for saute and water for boiling. Under european influence, Algerian salad used dressing for leaf vegetables, root and other kind vegetables were boiled. Serving with cake and cookies as dessert may possibly be the influence from the French occupation. The cake and cookie are made of wheat flour or other grain flour and take a specific form to be fried sweet with honey. Herbs and spices are widely used in cooking which are easily cultivated in household: mint, basil, rosemary, bayleaf, thyme, sage, fennel, marjoram, coriander, celery. Garlic, onion, piment, red pepper, cinammon are also widely used in an ordinary cooking. Reasonable food combination and economic cooking method could be subject of Algerian food study.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.225-232
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• 2019

Thymus vulgaris L. is widely used as an ingredient in cooking and in herbal medicine. However, there is little information about its toxicity. The present study was performed to evaluate the acute and repeated 28-day oral dose toxicity of thyme essential oil in rats. For the acute toxicity test, two groups of three rats were used. The rats received a single dose of essential oil: 300 or 2,000 mg/kg of body weight (bw). The rats were observed individually during the first four hours, and then daily until day 14. For the toxicity test with repeated doses, four groups of 10 rats were used. Doses of 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day were tested for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, blood was collected and the animals were sacrificed. Histopathological examination showed that in the lungs of rats given the 2,000 mg/kg bw dose, polymorph nuclear infiltrates, hemosiderin macrophages, and interstitial space thickening were present. In the repeated dose study, all rats survived the 28-day treatment period and apparently showed no signs of toxicity. The hematological and biochemical parameters were not altered. The histopathological study of the organs showed severe changes in the lung, with the dose of 500 mg/kg/day; in the other organs, no alterations were observed or the changes were slight. The body weight was only altered in male rats given the 500 mg/kg dose. The relative weight of the organs did not show any significant changes. Our studies revealed that the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris has moderate oral toxicity according to the results of the acute test, whereas the results of the 28-day oral toxicity test suggest that the no-observed-adverse effect level (NOAEL) is greater than 250 mg/kg/day.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.661-666
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• 2003

This research was aimed at evaluating the effects of natural antioxidants on lipid oxidation and sensory quality in cooked, chill- stored and reheated Wanjajun prepared with pork meat (short shank). Sage (SA) and combinations of herbs; basil/mints (BM), rosemary/parsley/thyme (RPT) were used as sources of antioxidants. The products were pan-fried in a medium layer of soybean oil and then stored in a refrigerator at 3$^{\circ}C$ for 8 days after rapid chilling. The process of heat treatment of Wanjajun caused changes in the chemical composition of products and simultaneously, thermal oxidative reaction was initiated. During storage of products in a refrigerator, further hydrolytic and oxidative processes in the lipid extraction were progressed. Acid value was increased, peroxides and malonaldehyde formation gradually were increased during cool storage. Addition of garlic, sage and combinations of herbs retarded the process of oxidation. Wanjajun made with addition of SA and RPT showed good quality in antioxidative potential after 8 days of storage. The sensory effect of herbs on undesirable warmed-over flavor was in order of : SA>RPT>BM.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.400-405
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• 2002

Herbs are widely used as a source of tea and otherwise such as botanical medicine, essential oil for perfumes, cosmetics, and food spices. This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of herb tea prepared with lavender, rosemary, mint, thyme and sage cultivated in korea. Approximate composition were as follows : crude protein 1.4∼17.5%, crude fat 6.1∼15.8%, sugars 43.5∼61s%, crude ash 7.7∼10.7%. Minerals contents of Ca ranged 707∼1763mg%, P 234 ∼513mg%, K 2,391∼3,430mg%, and Mg 361∼573mg%. Vitamins were $\beta$ -Carotene 6.9∼27.7mg%, B$_1$, 0.34∼0.62mg%, B$_2$1.37 ∼2.52mg%, niacin 5.3∼8.8mg%, and C 102∼111mg%. The changes of chromaticity a and b, pH, and sugar content of the herb tea at the different temperatures were decreased 80$\^{C}$ and 100$\^{C}$ in comparison to 60$\^{C}$ but increased chromaticity L. In the result of sensory test of the processed herb tea was more preferred than the market goods.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.4854-4862
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• 2010

Twenty five compounds isopropylmethylphenyl benzenesulfonate derivatives of thymol (1), 4-isopropyl-3-methylphenol (2), 5-isopropyl-3-methylphenol (3), 4-isopropylphenol (4), and 2-isopropylphenol (5) derivatives were synthesized. These compounds were analyzed for their structural confirmation with IR, GC/MS, and $^1H$-NMR. Synthetic compounds were tested against phytopathogenic fungi activities such as Pyrcularia grisea, Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora infestans, Colletotrichum orbiculare, and Sphaerotheca fusca. 2-Isopropyl-5-methylphenyl o-toluenesulfonate (1a), 2-isopropylphenyl 2,4,5-trichloro-benzenesulfonate (5b) and 2-isopropylphenyl 2-methyl-5-nitrobenzenesulfonate (5e) showed a potent in vivo antifungal activity against Pyrcularia grisea, Phytophthora infestans and Sphaerotheca fusca.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.178-182
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• 2008

Five essential oils and 15 herbal extracts were evaluated to control Bursaphelenchus xylophillus in laboratory. The essential oils from clove plant (Syzygium aromaticum), mustard (Brassica integrefolia), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), and Pelargonium inquinans were found to be highly promising and gave excellent control of the nematodes at all the time of exposure. Among them, the least one gave 91.3% mean mortality rate at 24 hours of exposure time, which is highly significant from the control. While in the second study, most of the methanol (Desmodium caudatum, Paulownia coreana, Auckulandia lappa, Sophota flavescens, Aloe sp., Rheum palmatum, Zingiber officinale, Magnolia officinalis, and Eugenia caryophyllata), hexane (Torreya nucifera, Pharbitis nil, Prunus mume, Melia azedarach, and Xanthium strumarium), and hot water (Cinnamomum cassia) herbal extracts killed the nematodes, but in varying degrees compared to the control. Only one extract was found to be promising viz Magnolia officinalis which found to be statistically different from the control and gave mean mortality of 72, 82.3, and 85.3 % for 24, 48, and 72 hours exposure, respectively. Further screening was conducted for M. officinalis with concentrations of 1,000, 100, and 10 ppm against the same species of nematode with the same time of exposure. However, it gave an excellent result for 1,000 ppm for all time of exposure, whereas for the 100 and 10 ppm it gave mean mortality of 39.5 and 25.8% for the time 72hrs, respectively that were statistically different from the control.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.111-117
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• 2007

Essential oils aims to rejuvenate and beautify medical skin care the body through the use of essential oils, and generally to improve our outward appearance. Much of this section fouses on the different methods by which essential oils can be used to improve the complexion or to treat specific medical care skin conditions. Beauty, however, is not just skin-deep. The condition of the medical care express the overall health of an individual. A relaxed attitude, together with a well-balanced diet, enough exercise, and a daily intake of plenty of spring water or herbal teas, all help to keep the system in top condition. Essential oils is a healing art which has powerful effects on both mind and body. The vital element in essential oils is the pure oils which are extracted from various part of different plants. The key to medical aromatherapy care lies in its dual use of essential oils and medical care massage, thus masking full use of two of our most important senses-smell and touch. Medical aromatherapy care is holistic, working mainly on the nervous system and including the head and body as part of the same treatment. Using pressure points along the spine, Medical aromatherapy care on the autonomic nervous system and has an immediate effect of relexation. In directly it also acts on mood. Many of the medical massage movements help lymphatic drainage. Essential oils have many different qualities; they can be relaxing or invigorating and are generally antisepic and antibacterial. Medical aromatherapy care can have psychological benefits. The power of essences in healing has been recognized in the treatment of insect bites. Clove, thyme, sandalwood, and lavender are a few of the essences that have antiseptic. Essential oils effect the dry skin for small visual pores, dull matte finish, rough sandy feeling, tantskin. Essential oils effect the mature/sun damaged skin for some red or couperose areas, loose saggy skin, exposure to a lot of ultraviolet light. Essential oils effect the medical care nomal skin good elasticity, healthy color(good circulation), smooth terture.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.125-133
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• 2021

Objectives : Thymus quinquecistatus var. japonica (H.Hara) is a member of the genus Thymus of perennial aromatic herb, and it's designated as a natural monument of South Korea. It has traditionally been known to have protective or therapeutic effects on various human disease including cerebrovascular and neurological disease. Recently it was suggested that essential oil extracted from thyme has anti-fungal and anti-bacterial effect. The aim of this study is to investigate anti-inflammatory effect of Thymus quinquecistatus var. japonica in Raw 264.7 macrophage cell line. Methods : The cytotoxic effects of water and 70% ethanol extracts from Thymus quinquecistatus var. japonica, was tested using MTT assay. Inhibitory effects of the extracts to nitric oxide production and mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines were examined by RT-PCR. Also, MitoSOX-red assay and JC-1 assay were performed to determine if the extracts can inhibit mitochondrial ROS accumulation and maintain mitochondrial membrane potential. Results : In LPS-induced inflammatory response, the extracts efficiently reduced nitric oxide NO production through inhibiting mRNA expression of iNOS enzyme. In addition, expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1𝛽 and IL-6, was also down-regulated by the extract treatments. Excessive accumulation of mitochondrial ROS induced by LPS was inhibited in the extract treated cells, which finally protected mitochondrial membrane potential. Conclusions : These results showed that water and 70% ethanol extracts from Thymus quinquecistatus var. japonica have anti-inflammatory effect through down regulation of IL-1𝛽, IL-6, and iNOS, and also have antioxidative effect against mitochondrial ROS accumulation that promote inflammatory response.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.237-248
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• 2006

Forty one compounds such as ester, sulfonyl ester, carbamate, ether and phosphoyl ester derivatives of thymol(I) and carvacrol(II) were synthesized. These derivatives were identified by IR, GC/MS and $^1H$-NMR spectra. Their antifungal activities were tested against various plant pathogenicfugi. Among them, several compounds were showed potent in vivo antifungal activities. The selected compounds showing in vitro antifungal activities were tested in vivo antifungal activities aganint 5 plant diseases such as rice blast, rice sheath blight, tomato late blight, cucumber anthracnose, and cucumber gray mold. As a result, 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenylacetate(I-1a) effectively suppressed the development cucumber gray mold and rice blast. Methyl(2-isopropyl-5-methylphenoxy)acetate(I-6d) and ethyl 4-(5-methyl-2-isopopylphenoxy)crotonate(I-7d) also showed potent in vivo antifungal actively againt rice sheath blight and tomato late blight, respectively.