• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제3권3호
• /
• pp.143-158
• /
• 2000

This report presents the findings of a one-year monitoring effort to empirically characterize and evaluate the nature of near-ground winds for structural engineering purposes. The current wind engineering practice in the United States does not explicitly consider certain important near-ground wind characteristics in typical rough terrain conditions and the possible effect on efficient design of low-rise structures, such as homes and other light-frame buildings that comprise most of the building population. Therefore, near ground wind data was collected for the purpose of comparing actual near-ground wind characteristics to the current U.S. wind engineering practice. The study provides data depicting variability of wind speeds, wind velocity profiles for a major thunderstorm event and a northeaster, and the influence of thunderstorms on annual extreme wind speeds at various heights above ground in a typical rough environment. Data showing the decrease in the power law exponent with increasing wind speed is also presented. It is demonstrated that near-ground wind speeds (i.e., less than 10 m above ground) are likely to be over-estimated in the current design practice by as much as 20 percent which may result in wind load over-estimate of about 50% for low-rise buildings in typical rough terrain. The importance of thunderstorm wind profiles on determination of design wind speeds and building loads (particularly for buildings substantially taller than 10 m) is also discussed. Recommendations are given for possible improvements to the current design practice in the United States with respect to low-rise buildings in rough terrain and for the need to study the impact of thunderstorm gust profile shapes on extreme value wind speed estimates and building loads.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제13권5호
• /
• pp.413-431
• /
• 2010

The focus of this article is on the assessment of vertical wind vector components and their aerodynamic impact on lattice framework, specifically two distinct sections of a guyed transmission tower. Thunderstorm winds, notably very localized events such as convective downdrafts (including downbursts) and tornadoes, result in a different load on a tower's structural system in terms of magnitude and spatial distribution when compared to horizontal synoptic winds. Findings of previous model-scale experiments are outlined and their results considered for the development of a testing rig that allows for rotation about multiple body axes through a series of wind tunnel tests. Experimental results for the wind loads on two unique experimental models are presented and the difference in behaviour discussed. For a model cross arm with a solidity ratio of approximately 30%, the drag load was increased by 14% when at a pitch angle of $20^{\circ}$. Although the effects of rotation about the vertical body axis, or the traditional 'angle of attack', are recognized by design codes as being significant, provisions for vertical winds are absent from each set of wind loading specifications examined. The inclusion of a factor to relate winds with a vertical component to the horizontal speed is evaluated as a vertical wind factor applicable to load calculations. Member complexity and asymmetric geometry often complicate the use of lattice wind loading provisions, which is a challenge that extends to future studies and codification. Nevertheless, the present work is intended to establish a basis for such studies.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.41-55
• /
• 2021

To detect thunderstorms occurring in Korea, National Meteorological Satellite Center (NMSC) also introduced the rapid-development thunderstorm (RDT) algorithm developed by EUMETSAT. At NMCS, the H-RDT (HR) based on the Himawari-8 satellite and the K-RDT (KR) which combines the GK2A convection initiation output with the RDT were developed. In this study, we optimized the KR (KU) to improve the detection level of thunderstorms occurring in Korea. For this, we used all available data, such as GK2A/AMI, RADAR, lightning, and numerical model data from the recent two years (2019-2020). The machine learning of logistic regression and stepwise variable selection was used to optimize the KU algorithms. For considering the developing stages and duration time of thunderstorms, and data availability of GK2A/AMI, a total of 72 types of detection algorithms were developed. The level of detection of the KR, HR, and KU was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively using lightning and RADAR data. Visual inspection using the lightning and RADAR data showed that all three algorithms detect thunderstorms that occurred in Korea well. However, the level of detection differs according to the lightning frequency and day/night, and the higher the frequency of lightning, the higher the detection level is. And the level of detection is generally higher at night than day. The quantitative verification of KU using lightning (RADAR) data showed that POD and FAR are 0.70 (0.34) and 0.57 (0.04), respectively. The verification results showed that the detection level of KU is slightly better than that of KR and HR.

• 한국지구과학회지
• /
• 제28권7호
• /
• pp.857-870
• /
• 2007

명시적 액체-얼음상 미시물리 과정을 포함하는 구름 분해 모형(ARPS: Advanced Regional Prediction System)을 이용하여 2차원 그리고 주변 바람이 없는 경우에 뇌우 유출의 구조와 진화를 조사하였다. 고해상도 격자 간격(50m)을 이용하여 유출의 난류 구조를 명시적으로 분해하였다. 모사된 단세포 스톰과 스톰과 연관된 Kelvin-Helmholtz(KH) 빌로우(billow)는 발달, 성숙, 소멸의 생애 단계를 가졌다. 구름 역학과 미시물리 사이의 상호작용으로 야기된 이차 맥동과 대류 세포의 분활이 관측되었다. 상대적으로 건조한 하층 대기를 낙하하는 빗방울과 우박의 증발에 기인한 찬 하강류는 뇌우 찬 공기 유출을 야기시켰다. 유출 머리는 거의 일정한 속도로 이동하였다. KH 불안정에 의해 생성된 KH 빌로우는 유출 상부에서 난류 혼합을 야기하였으며 유출의 구조를 지배하였다. KH 빌로우는 유출 머리에서 생성되었고 돌풍 전선에 상대적으로 뒤쪽으로 이동함에 따라 성장하고 소멸하였다. 가장 빨리 성장하는 섭동의 수평 파장과 임계 시어층 깊이의 비 그리고 KH 빌로우의 수평 파장과 최대 진폭의 비에 대한 수치 모사 결과는 다른 연구 결과와 잘 일치하였다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전기학회 1991년도 하계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.383-385
• /
• 1991

IKL Map has been drawn by the contours of the equivalent thunderstorm days for 22 years(1958-1989) in order to apply this map to the designs and maintenances for lightning protection on the electric equipments.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전기학회 1989년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.262-264
• /
• 1989

IKL Map was drawn by the lines of the equivalent thunderstorm days for 20 years in order to apply to the lightning protection on electric equipments, maintenances and repairs.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전기학회 1992년도 하계학술대회 논문집 A
• /
• pp.187-189
• /
• 1992

IKL Map has been drawn by the contours of the equivalent thunderstorm days for 23 years(1968-1990) in order to apply this map to the designs nod maintenances for lightning protection on the electric equipments.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전기학회 1993년도 하계학술대회 논문집 B
• /
• pp.756-758
• /
• 1993

IKL Map has been drawn by the contours of the equivalent thunderstorm days for 25 years(1968-1992) in order to apply this map to the designs and maintenances for lightning protection on the electric equipments.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.37-55
• /
• 2010

In this paper South Africa is divided into strong wind climate zones, which indicate the main sources of annual maximum wind gusts. By the analysis of wind gust data of 94 weather stations, which had continuous climate time series of 10 years or longer, six sources, or strong-wind producing mechanisms, could be identified and zoned accordingly. The two primary causes of strong wind gusts are thunderstorm activity and extratropical low pressure systems, which are associated with the passage of cold fronts over the southern African subcontinent. Over the eastern and central interior of South Africa annual maximum wind gusts are usually caused by thunderstorm gust fronts during summer, while in the western and southern interior extratropical cyclones play the most dominant role. Along the coast and adjacent interior annual extreme gusts are usually caused by extratropical cyclones. Four secondary sources of strong winds are the ridging of the quasi-stationary Atlantic and Indian Ocean high pressure systems over the subcontinent, surface troughs to the west in the interior with strong ridging from the east, convergence from the interior towards isolated low pressure systems or deep coastal low pressure systems, and deep surface troughs on the West Coast.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.1697-1704
• /
• 2018

As a key component of lighting location system (LLS) for lightning warning, the atmospheric electric field measuring is required to have high accuracy. The Conventional methods of the existent electric field measurement meter can only detect the vertical component of the atmospheric electric field, which cannot acquire the realistic electric field in the thunderstorm. This paper proposed a three dimensional (3D) electric field system for atmospheric electric field measurement, which is capable of three orthogonal directions in X, Y, Z, measuring. By analyzing the relationship between the electric field and the relative permittivity of ground surface, the permittivity is calculated, and an efficiency 3D measurement model is derived. On this basis, a three-dimensional electric field sensor and a permittivity sensor are adopted to detect the spatial electric field. Moreover, the elevation and azimuth of the detected target are calculated, which reveal the location information of the target. Experimental results show that the proposed 3D electric field meter has satisfactory sensitivity to the three components of electric field. Additionally, several observation results in the fair and thunderstorm weather have been presented.