• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.39
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• pp.175-214
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• 2021

In the Joseon Dynasty, Confucian literati sacralized their daily lives through ritual practices across the three dimensions of time, place, and humanity. 1) In the dimension of time, they cultivated in their personal lives by accepting and thoroughly practicing the ethical principles of the Elementary Learning (『小學』). These practices of self-cultivation developed into ritualized practices of daily routine from the perspective of neo-Confucianism. 2) In the spatial dimension, local public schools (鄕校), local private academies (書院), and village private schools (書塾) were constructed as the symbolic places for disseminating Confucian norms through intensive seminar activities and collective learning sessions (講會). These places were also used for the pious recitations of selected Confucian proverbs that had been ritualized by Confucian literati. 3) In the dimension of humanity, pious consciousness, reinforced by the ritualized practice of periodic sacrifices or intensive reading, was subconsciously deepened and projected onto dreams individuals reported of their deceased fathers or teachers. According to the Confucian ritualization process, people were seen as being able to sanctify their daily lives by thoroughly internalizing and effectively realizing Confucian values.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.731-752
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• 1995

This study was performed to research the changes of masticatory system subsequent to randomly increasing the vertical dimension. The subjects were twenty seven persons, twenty two men and five women, with a mean age of 24.3(age ranged from 22 to 26). The subjects had a complete or almost complete set of natural teeth and reported no subjected symptoms of pain or dysfunction in the masticatory system. The occlusal splint increased vertical dimension was made on semiadjustable articulator. The subjects were randomly divided to three groups according to the vertical dimension, at which the occlusal splint was made. Group I occlusal splints were made at 2mm form the occlusal vertical dimension, group II occlusal splints at 5mm, group III occlusal splints at 8mm. The occlusal splints were almost weared for 2 weeks except meal-time. Clinical examination, muscle activity, changes of free-way space, movement of mandible and articular condyle were recorded and analyzed by means of biopak system(Bioresearch Inc, Millwakee Wisconsin.) and radiograph. 1. In clinical examination, various symptoms were reported by all subjects immediately after the placement of occlusal splint. At the end of experiment, symptoms were lasted by 1 subject in Group I, 2 subjects in Group II, 6 subjects in Group III. At the other subjects, the most of symptoms were disappered within 2-4 days after the placement of occlusal splints. 2. The average free-way space before the startof experiment was 1.77mm in all twenty seven subjects. Immediately after the placement of occlusal splints, 0.67mm at Group I, 0.49mm at Group II, 0.41mm at Group III, At 2 weeks after the placement of occlusal splint 0.93mm, 0.79mm, 0.78mm each other, 1.94mm, 1.77mm, 2.3 mm at immediately after the removal of occlual splint. At 1 week after the removal of occlusal splint, free-way space was recovered to the pre-experimental state 3. In cephalometric radiograph, following either the placement or the removal of the occlusal splints, the movements of mandible in an antero-posterior direction were not statistically significant(p>0.05). 4. In transcranial radiograghs of TMJ, 1 week after the placement of occlusal splint the movement of most superior position on condyle in all group shoed antero-inferior position than before the experiment(p<0.001) and also showed antero-inferior position in mandibular postural rest position than in certric occlusion(p<0.001). Following either the placement or the removal of the splints, the amount of movement of most superior position on condyle was group III. group II and group I in order(p<0.001). 5. In anterior temporal and superficial masseter muscle, muscle activity at postural rest position decreased at 2 weeks after the placement of occlusal splint in group I and group II (p>0.05), but significantly increased in group III(p<0.001). At 1 week after the removal of the occdusal splint, muscle activity at postural rest position was recovered preconditional state 6. In anterior temporal and superficail masseter muscle, muscle activity at clenching in all group was significantly decreased after placement of the occlusal splint, slightly increased during experimental period and recovered to the original state at 1 week after removal of the occlusal splint. But was not statistically significat(p>0.05)s.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.97-115
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• 2008

Introduction The e-government is concerned with using Internet and Web technologies to exchange information and services with citizens, businesses and other related organizations, and it centers on three functions, namely informational, interactive, and transactional [UN, 2001]. Many developed countries like the U.S. have been actively involved in e-government projects, since they enable both more effective public services for citizens and more efficient internal operations. Korea is among these leading countries that are planning to leverage computer and communication technologies to provide for integration of work processes and information as well as convenient access to information and services. For this reason, evaluating e-government projects is becoming a crucial issue for both researchers and policy-makers. However, most research to date has primarily focused on a model of success of an e-government system designed for citizens, overlooking internal systems specifically created for employees working in a public organization. This paper is intended to propose a model to measure the success of a Web-based information system designed for use by internal users at Chungwadae, the executive branch of Korea's central government. The paper is also aimed at applying the model to the assessment of the present system being used at Chungwadae in comparison with the preceding system. Evaluating an e-Government System The most widely cited model of information systems success today is that of DeLone and McLean[1992, 2003, 2004]. The original model states that the success of an information system can be measured using six dimensions, including system quality, information quality, use, user satisfaction, individual impact, and organizational impact. Although the ultimate success of an information system may be reflected in the impact that the system has upon individuals as well as an organization, aspects of using the system such as system use and user satisfaction can play an important role in determining the system success, because the system would be a sheer failure if users don't like and use the system. As a response to criticisms given by numerous researchers, the authors adapted their model to fit the emerging Web-based environment. The revised model[DeLone and McLean, 2003] they offered included an additional quality dimension, namely service quality, and combined individual and organizational impacts into net benefits which can also influence user satisfaction. The e-government system success model can be built around this updated model. Our model incorporates information quality, system quality, and service quality as in the DeLone and McLean model. However, the 'system use' dimension has been replaced by perceived usefulness, as suggested by Seddon[1998]. In addition, because the e-government systems that this paper focuses on are internal public systems used in government agencies, the 'net benefits' dimension has been replaced by perceived work efficiency. Based on the proposed model, a total of nine hypotheses have been formulated which we tested using an empirical analysis. Methods A questionnaire form has been created with items that are designed to examine the relationships among the variables in the model. The questionnaire has been handed over, in person, to 65 members of Chungwadae staff who are now actively using the E-Support System, the present information system created to support internal work at Chungwadae. We made arrangements to meet with each individual who agreed to participate in our survey, and helped to fill out the survey form with explanations. Of the 65 copies that were delivered, only 33 were returned, and 30 responses of these have been adopted for our analysis, since three were not valid. The extremely small sample size was due to the limited number of staff members who had adequate experience required of this study. Results We gathered data from the questionnaire survey and analyzed them using a regression analysis to test the hypotheses. As shown in the table below, the results indicated that all three dimensions of an information system’s quality are positively related to user satisfaction. However, information quality and system quality were found to be positively related to perceived usefulness, while service quality was not. In addition, perceived usefulness is not positively related to user satisfaction, implying that a user may find a system useful, but may not be satisfied with it. Finally, user satisfaction and perceived usefulness both are positively related to perceived work efficiency. This suggests that workers' positive experience with the system is important to guarantee favorable work efficiency. Conclusions We conclude that the proposed model proved useful in measuring the success of an internal information system used by a government agency. To demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of the model in the paper, we applied the model to the assessment of the present internal system used at Chungwadae in comparison with the preceding system. The results showed that the present system outperforms the preceding one in a statistically significant way. Future research will have to focus on applying the model to Korea's governmental agencies other than Chungwadae and examine whether it proves applicable in different types of governmental organizations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.6 s.165
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• pp.848-858
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• 2007

Sontag and Lee (2004) recently developed an objectively measurable instrument, the Proximity of Clothing to Self(PCS) Scale, which measured the psychological closeness of clothing to self. They validated a 4-factor, 24-item PCS Scale for use with adolescents and identified the need for confirmation of the factor structure with other age groups. This paper extends the work of Sontag and Lee by employing the PCS Scale with older persons, age 65 and over, and reports the validation of a 3-factor, 19-item PCS Scale for older persons. A mail survey was sent to a national random sample of 1,700 older Persons by means of a list purchased from a U.S. survey sampling company in late November 2004. Total usuable number of respondents was 250 with an adjusted response rate of 15.6 percent. Three analytical rounds of confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) to test the construct validity of the PCS Scale were conducted by using AMOS 5.0(Analysis of Moment Structures), one of several structural equation modeling(SEM) programs. Completion of three rounds of the CFA resulted in a 3-factor, 19-item PCS Scale with demonstrated construct validity and reliability for older persons. The three PCS dimensions are clothing in relation to 1) self as structure-process(PCS Dimension 1-2-3 combined), 2) self-esteem-evaluative and affective processes(PCS Dimension 4-5 combined), and 3) body image and body cathexis(PCS Dimension 6). The initially hypothesized 6-factor scale(Sontag & Lee, 2004) was not confirmed for adolescents in their study nor with older persons in this study. In addition, the 4-factor solution for the adolescent group did not hold for older persons. It appears that the self-system of older persons is more integrated than may be true for younger individuals. Recommendations for future testing of construct validity of the PCS Scale are made.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2006

Purpose : To investigate the validity of digital image processing on panoramic radiographs in estimating bone quality before endosseous dental implant installation by correlating bone quality in radiographic images with clinical bone quality classification. Materials and Methods : An experienced surgeon assessed and classified bone quality for implant sites with tactile sensation at the time of implant placement. Including fractal dimension eighteen morphologic features of trabecular pattern were examined In each anatomical sites on panoramic radiographs. Finally bone quality of 67 implant sites were evaluated in 42 patients. Results : Pearson correlation analysis showed that three morphologic parameters had weak linear negative correlation with clinical bone quality classification showing correlation coefficients of -0.276, -0.280, and - 0.289, respectively (p<0.05). And other three morphologic parameters had obvious linear negative correlation with clinical bone quality classification showing correlation coefficients of -0.346, -0.488, and -0.343 respectively (p<0.05). Fractal dimension also had a linear correlation with clinical bone quality classification with correlation coefficients -0.506 significantly (p<0.05). Conclusion : This study suggests that fractal and morphometric analysis using digital panoramic radiographs can be used to evaluate bone quality for implant recipient sites.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.202-209
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• 1998

A three-dimensional numerical method based on the Green's integral equation is developed to predict the motion response and drift force in waves for the ocean monitoring facilities. In this method, we use source and doublet distribution, and triangular and rectangular eliments. To eliminate the irregular frequency phenomenon, the method of improved integral equation is applied and the time-mean drift force is calculated by the method of direct pressure integration over the body surface. To conform the validity of the present numerical method, some calculations for the floating sphere are performed and it is shown that the present method provides sufficiently reliable results. As a calculation example for the real facilities, the motion response and the drift force of the vertical cylinder type ocean monitoring buoy with 2.6 m diameter and 3,77 m draft are calculated and discussed. The obtained results of motion response can be used to determine the shape and dimension of the buoy to reduce the motion response, and other data such as the effect of motion reduction due to a damper can be predictable through these motion calculations. Also, the calculation results of drift force can be used in the design procedure of mooring system to predict the maximum wave load acting on the mooring system. The present method has, in principle, no restriction in the application to the arbitrary shape facilities. So, this method can be a robust tool for the design, installation, and operation of various kinds of the floating-type ocean monitoring facilities.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.527-548
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• 2019

For Deleuze, the frame is a closed system with numerous subsets of information. the frame can be defined by mathematics and physics. it is a geometric system of equilibrium and harmony with variables or coordinates. like paintings, Linear perspective represents a three-dimensional depth in a two-dimensional plane through vanishing points, horizontal lines in the frame. Linear perspective makes it possible to assume the infinity towards the vanishing point and the infinity towards the outside of the frame, the opposite of the vanishing point. Not only figures and lines in the drawing paper, but also the space between the figures and lines in the drawing paper was recognized. that is space, the 3rd dimension. with the centripetal force and centrifugal force of the frame, frame follow the physical rules of power and movement. de framing is against the dominant linear perspective and central tendency of the frame. The film contains four-dimensional time while reproducing three-dimensional space in two dimensions. It may be that the outside of the frame, or outside the field of view, contains thought, the fifth dimension.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.119-132
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• 2006

The dimensions of affection structure from hand movements was developed for the purpose of understanding relationship between affective words and physical factors to apply it to computing environment. To analyze hand movements, three dimensions -direction, time, weight- were found through reconstructing sub-properties of Laban Movement Analysis. The direction dimension has five freedoms of movement (horizontal, vertical, sagittal, circular, shaking) while the time and weight dimensions both have two sub categories each, (sudden, sustained), (light, strong) respectively. By factorial design using the three dimensions, twenty movement were videotaped. Participants rated a list of fifty korean affective words on each twenty movements. The results were studied by nonlinear principal component analysis. The results suggested that time and weight dimensions are closely related with arousal level dimension of affection. Strong and sudden movements associated with highly aroused affection, while light and sustained movements associated with the opposite affection. The direction sub-dimensions were found to be associated with the kinds of affection. Linear movements like horizontal, vortical and sagittal direction were correlated to highly aroused negative affection. Circular movements were found to correlate closely by fun and delight on the graph, while shaking movements were correlated to anxiety and impatience. These results imply that the dimensions of affection structure and sub-properties of hand movements are closely connected with each other.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.333-344
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• 2005

The sensitivity adjectives on wall paper are collected. With the collected sensitivity adjective, we are going to develop the model which can recommend the wallpaper to customer. A large number of adjectives describing affective responses were collected from such diverse sources as questionnaire survey results, field survey results and internet survey result. To search the representative adjective of collected adjective, we used the diverse statistical analysis method. We attempted to decide the axis name of dimension through the MDS(Multi-Dimensional Scale) analysis method using the similarity matrix an4 to find a three or four reduced factors through the factor analysis method using the varimax rotation method. The result of the analysis showed that the reduced factors could account about $82\%$ when the number of factor is three(popular, elegance, and passable) ant about $93\%$ when the number of factor is four (elegance, passable, beautiful, and affectionate) On the basis of this result, we expect it can be used to develop the model recommending the wallpaper.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.91-102
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• 2014

Different from the past studies, in this study we postulates that the consumers' trust play an essential mediating role in the relationship between the two dimensions (eco-friendly manufacturing, eco-friendly campaign) of corporate environmental responsibility activities and the corporate image. Trust is conceptualized into three different forms: expertise-based trust, benevolence-based trust, and honesty-based trust. A model integrating two dimensions of corporate environmental responsibility, three forms of trust, and the corporate image is tested using data of 374 student and general consumers. The results of data analysis show that the eco-friendly manufacturing positively influences on the expert-based trust and the eco-friendly campaign positively influences on the benevolence-based trust. The Effects of Corporate Environmental Responsibility Activities on Corporate Image: Focusing on Dimension of Environmental Responsibility. However, eco-friendly manufacturing, eco-friendly campaign activities have a significant impact not on the honesty-based trust. Finally, our results indicate that the expert-based trust, the benevolence-based trust, and honesty-based trust have a significant influence on the corporate image. Thus, this study demonstrates that trust indeed plays a mediating role between corporate environmental responsibility and the corporate image.