• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.158-165
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• 1999

Purpose : To investigate the percentage of colonies wi1h16or more cells distribution of human skin fibroblast according to in vitro aging, and to evaluate the relationship between percentage of colonies with 10 or more cells and in vivo donor age in human skin fibroblast culture. Material and Method : C1, C2, C3a, and C3b human skin fibroblast samples from three breast cancer patients were used as subjects. The C1, C2, and C3a donor were 44, 54, and 55 years old, respectively. C3a and C3b cells were isolated from the same person. Single cell suspension of skin fibroblasts was prepared with primary explant technique. One hundred cells are plated into 100m1 tissue culture flask and cultured for two weeks. The colony size was defined as colonies with 16 or more cells. The cultured cell was stained with crystal violet, and number of cells in each colony was determined with stereo microscope at $\times$10 magnification. Passage number of C1, C2, C3a and C3b skin fibroblast were 12th, 17th, and 14th, respectively. Results : Percentage of colonies with 16 or more cells of skin fibroblast samples decreased with increasing in vitro passage number. In contrast, cumulative population doublings of skin fibroblast sample increased with increasing in vitro passage number. Percentage of colonies with 16 or more cells also decreased with increasing population doublings in human skin fibroblast culture. There was strong correlation with percentage of colonies with 16 or more cells and population doublings En C3a skin fibroblast sampie. At the same point of population doublings, the percentage of colonies with 16 or more cells of the young C1 donor was higher level than the old C3a donor. Conclusion : The population doublings increased with increasing in vitro passage number but percentage of colonies with 16 or more cells decreased. The results of this study imply that percentage of colonies with 16 or more cell is useful as a indicator of in vitro human skin fibroblast aging and may estimate the in vivo donor age.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.337-345
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• 1998

Purpose : To obtain the uniform dose at limited depth to entire surface of the body, the dose characteristics of degraded electron beam of the large target-skin distance and the dose distribution of the six-dual electron fields were investigated Materials and Method : The experimental dose distributions included the depth dose curve, spatial dose and attenuated electron beam were determined with 300 cm of target-skin distance (TSD) and full collimator size (35*35 $cm^2$ on TSD 100 cm) in 4 MeV electron beam energy. Actual collimated field size of 105 cm * 105 cm at the distance of 300 cm could include entire hemibody. A patient was standing on step board with hands up and holding the pole to stabilize his/her positions for the six-dual fields technique. As a scatter-degrader, 0.5 cm of acrylic plate was inserted at 20 cm from the body surface on the electron beam path to induce ray scattering and to increase the skin dose. Results : The full width at half maximum(FWHM) of dose profile was 130 cm in large field of 105*105 $cm^2$ The width of $100\pm10\%$ of the resultant dose from two adjacent fields which were separated at 25 cm from field edge for obtaining the dose unifomity was extended to 186 cm. The depth of maximum dose lies at 5 mm and the 80$\%$ depth dose lies between 7 and 8 mm for the degraded electron beam by using the 0.5 cm thickness of acrylic absorber. Total skin electron beam irradiation (TSEBI) was carried out using the six dual fields has been developed at Stanford University. The dose distribution in TSEBI showed relatively uniform around the flat region of skin except the protruding and deeply curvatured portion of the body, which showed excess of dose at the former and less dose at the latter. Conclusion : The percent depth dose, profile curves and superimposed dose distribution were investigated using the degraded electron beam through the beam absorber. The dose distribution obtained by experiments of TSEBI showed within$\pm10\%$ difference except the protruding area of skin which needs a shield and deeply curvatured region of skin which needs boosting dose.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 1987

The effect of intravesical formalin instillation as a therapeutic modality for intractable bladder hemorrhage is well known. And despite clear evidence of therapeutic efficacy of intravesical cytotoxic drugs and/or BCG immunotherapy, there have been substantial recurrences during followup after transurethral resection for superficial bladder tumor. If formalin injected at the bed of superficial bladder tumor is able to coagulate and necrotize the tumor, it will be greatly helpful to the patients With recurrent bladder tumor developed during followup. Since this technique is applicable on outpatient basis, an economical as well as a psychological burden of the patients can be reduced considerably. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of submucosal formalin injection on rat bladder wall, 36 healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 350gm in average) were divided into 3 groups: In Group I (control group), 0.01ml of normal saline was injected submucosally at the left posterolateral wall of the bladder opened under intraperitoneal Nembutal anesthesia ; In Group II and III, 0.01 ml of 10% and 4% formalin, respectively, were administered at the same site as in the Group I, two rats in each group were sacrificed at day 1, 2, and 3, and week 1, 2 and 4 after injection, respectively. Gross and microscopic examination of the cystectomized specimen were done in each group. In the Group II, bladder stones were formed at week I, and in both the Group I and III, stones were seen at week 2 post injection. There was no significant difference III histologic findings of the bladder between the group II and III. Mucosal ulcer and/or prominent mucosal disruption was observed at 24 hours after injection in both Group II and III. Epithelial regeneration began at day 2, and was marked at day 3, and epithelial lining was almost normalized one week after injection. Subepithelial edema, telangiectasia and inflammatory reaction were prominent at 24 hours post formalin injection. Subepithelial edema persisted in moderate degree for 1 week. Telangiectasia and inflammatory reaction were noted for 4 weeks. Mild degree of these findings also appeared In the control group. Fibroblastic proliferation appeared at day 2 and persisted in moderate degree for 4 weeks. There has been no mortality or bladder perforation. These results suggest that clinical application of this technique is feasible for the selected cases of recurrent, solitary superficial bladder tumor. However, optimal dosage of formalin in relation to the size of the lesion remains to be investigated.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1083-1089
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• 2002

Purpose : The prevalence of obese children has recently increased. Obesity is known to be associated with complications such as hypertension, fatty liver, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. L-carnitine is an essential cofactor for the transport of long chain fatty acids into mitochondria for ${\beta}$-oxidation. The purpose of this study is to measure serum free fatty acid and carnitine levels, and evaluate the role of L-carnitine as a therapeutic drug in obese children with fatty liver. Methods : Nine obese children, ranging from seven to 18 years of age, and 10 normal children were examined. Serum lipid(total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol) and fatty acid levels were analyzed. Serum total, free, and acyl carnitine levels were performed also by a new enzymatic cycling technique. Results : Long chain fatty acids(myristic acid, palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid)were significantly increased in obese children compared to the control group. Total, and acyl carnitine levels were significantly increased in obese children compared to the control group. Conclusion : Serum free fatty acid and carnitine levels were significantly increased in obese children with fatty liver compared to the normal control. This may suggest that L-carnitine can be used as antilipidemic agent to decrease fatty acid and lipid levels for obese children. Prospective studies will investigate serum fatty acid and carnitine levels after treatment of L-carnitine in obese children in the future.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.138-142
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• 2009

Introduction : Although bilateral exploration has been thought to be the standard therapeutic modality for primary hyperparathyroidism(pHPT) due to the admirable cure rate, questions have remained as to whether bilateral neck exploration for all patients with pHPT is needed because 80-85% of patients with pHPT have a single parathyroid adenoma. If the diseased parathyroid can be determined preoperatively, a directed and minimal operation is appropriate using the recent innovations of preoperative diagnosis and operation techniques for parathyroid diseases, the radio-guided parathyroid surgery(RGPS) is one of the standards. In especial, RGPS has been reported beneficial in special circumstances, such as in recurrent disease, ectopic parathyroid, and in mediastinal parathyroid. It can be also useful for the parathyroid disease in previously explored or irradiated neck. Material and Methods : We experienced 2 cases of pHPT successfully treated by RGPS in who previously underwent extensive neck dissection and concomitant external or internal radiotherapy. We adopted and modified the technique described by Dr. James Norman at the University of South Florida-the minimally invasive parathyroidectomy using intraoperative nuclear mapping with 99mTc-sestamibi scanning and radioactivity detection probe. Results : We acquired the successful results for these patients. Conclusion : RGPS is thought to be the alternative technique for the patients with prior central neck exploration and irradiation.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.630-635
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Naeso-san in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in murine small intestine. First, we isolated ICCs from murine small intestine. After that, we cultured these cells for 1 days. The patch-clamp technique was applied on ICCs that formed network-like structures in culture (1 days). Spontaneous rhythms were routinely recorded from cultured ICCs under current-clamp conditions, and the ICCs within networks displayed more robust electrical rhythms (pacemaker potentials). To understand the relationship between Naeso-san and pacemaker activity in ICCs, we examined the effects of Naeso-san on pacemaker potentials of ICCs. In current clamp mode (I = 0), the addition of Naeso-san (10 mg/ml - 50 mg/ml) decreased the amplitude and frequency of the pacemaker potentials of ICCs in a dose dependent manner. However, these effects were blocked by intracellular $GDP{\beta}S$, a G-protein inhibitor, and glibenclamide, a specific ATP-sensitive K+ channels blocker. Pretreatment with SQ-22536, an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, did not block the Naeso-san induced effects, whereas pretreatment with ODQ, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, or L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase blocked the Naeso-san induced effects. Our findings provide insight into unraveling the modulation of Naeso-san in pacemaker potentials of ICCs and developing therapeutic agents against gastrointestinal motility disorders.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2008

Purpose : When the pliability of the Lumbar is degraded, the kinesiology function undergoes an influence and it receives an overload. Finally, it is connected with a Lumbar muscular injury. When it does the regular exercise treatment the lumbago patient the balance and function of changeover are improved. The purpose of this study is to review of effect of the PNF application for lumbago patient Methods : By using internet, we research the PubMed, Science Direct, KISS, DBpia and the article on the effect of PNF. We selected the article between 1970 and 2007. Key words were low back pain, lumbago, PNF. Results : PNF is a therapeutic exercise for central nervous system(CNS) patient and the peripheral nervous system(PNS) patient and it is widely applied from sports medicine in the last. According to research of the Jung Young Jo(2007) and Han Kou Soo(2002), PNF technique improves the pain and a condition of the lumbago patient. And the affection balanced change and dynamic balance change and spontaneous movable scope are improved. And it improved to daily life activity. According to research of Moore and Hutton(1980), Lee Kyoung Hye(1999), PNF stretching where it is one of muscular relaxation is good in lumbar muscle fascia ache solutions, and PNF stretching that muscle is relaxed and increases ROM by Reflective system of the vertebra. These researches is relation all each other. it have appeared many report of research about Pliability, muscular power, balance, mobility improve ADL movement of attendance ability and functional action improved excise therapy put effect about lumbago patient recently, it have appeared research about therapy of lumbago patient through PNF. But PNF technique is not application about lumbago patient in clinic, therefore also it is not enough for case study about this therapy. Conclusion : PNF improve combination operation of muscle, inconvenience decrease from daily life activity, ROM(range of movement) of lumbar is increase and Lumbago reduce. So we suggest that PNF will be applies on the lumbago patient and must do a many research.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.408-413
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• 2009

Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a epithelial developmental cyst which were first described by Phillipsen in 1956. The frequency of OKC has been reported to vary from 3% to 11% of odontogenic cysts. The most characteristic clinical aspect of OKC is the high frequency of recurrence. The mechanism of recurrence is thought to be related to residues of cyst epithelium and an intrinsic growth potential following excision. And since the lining of the OKC is thin and friable, removal of the cyst in one piece may sometimes be difficult. Complete removal of the cyst lining without leaving behind remnants attached to the soft tissue or bone is necessary to avoid recurrence. Therapeutic approaches vary in different studies from marsupialization and enucleation, which may be combined with adjuvant therapy such as cryotherapy or Carnoy's solution, to marginal or radical resection. The recurrent rate varies from approximately 20% to 62%. And OKC in the angle-ramus region of the mandible had a higher tendency to recur, because of the difficulty in accessing and removing OKC from the ramus. By employing a sagittal splitting of the mandible a good surgical access was provided and cyst could be removed completely. We present an illustrative case of a small, lobulated OKC that involved ramus on mandible, and a review of the contemporary literature.

• Journal of Korean Theatre Studies Association
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• no.40
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• pp.503-535
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• 2010

'Saiee', which could mean between, intra- and inter-, is a crucial topic in theatre as theatre has tension between actor and audience, reality and illusion, and everyday life and extraordinary life. Especially, it is interesting that the function of 'Saiee' is connected to extension and application of drama and theatre such as educational theatre, dramatherapy and applied drama/theatre. Such works are expected to educational or therapeutic effects, thus concern and support, demand and supply of these works is getting increased. However, it is true that researches on spirit, aesthetic and direction of these works are not sufficient, compared to quantitative increase and diversity. This study will explore Boal's Theatre of the Oppressed(TO from the below), which is key theory and technique of applied drama/theatre field with viewpoint of 'Saiee' theatre to look at spirit, aesthetic and direction of this field. Saiee's energy could observe the object with distance(distance), form the relationship with that object(inter) and create new circumstance through that relationship(intra). And Boal's TO tried to Saiee's theatre by using Saiee's dynamics variously. It bases on the phenomenon of metaxis. Boal's TO believes that drama/theatre is unique nature and ability of human being, that is to say, it is based on Homo Theatrum, human plays and does theatre. Therefore, the participant of Boal's TO is extended to everyone in everyday life. This activity is not only individual work to find his/her identity but also solidarity and possibility to change society which they belong to. It is the dynamics of 'Saiee' to make this possible. Boal's TO thinks that relationship and balance between individuality and sociality is important. The way of conversation in Boal's TO includes questioning, listening and communication. Unfamiliarity or distance of 'Saiee' makes interest in other people and question about them. Questioning through theatre and concern on other beings to search for the answer (this is listening), would be new relationship(and possibility) to extend him/herself. The communication and relationship leads to possibility and ability to create another world. This is the function of 'inter-' and 'intra-' in theatre of 'Saiee'. Lastly, it is various that Boal's TO as 'Saiee' theatre uses the dynamics of 'Saiee'. The diversity of technique comes from the application to humans in every moment and every time. To apply 'Saiee's aesthetic actively, concern and research on people 'now and here' should be proceed.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.83-96
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• 2021

Objective : This study aimed to determine Korea-type family function factors that affect individual growth and social activities, and examine check the appropriate contents and domestic culture components based on the McMaster model, a family function evaluation tool, through the Delphi technique. Methods : The Delphi technique was applied to 12 expert panels in fields related to family function. The period lasted 9 weeks, from May to June 2020. The Delphi survey was conducted twice. In the first survey, the domestic culture and appropriate contents of the McMaster model were selected and localized, and expert' opinions about the components were collected using closed and open-ended questions. In the second survey, the fitness and importance of the components were investigated. Results : As a result of the first Delphi investigation, 18 items were deleted from the 53 items presented. After adding 11 items and excluding any overlapping items, a total of 40 items were selected. Subsequently, sentences that were difficult to understand were revised to familiar vocabulary. A second survey was constructed, with an example sentence. In the second Delphi investigation, 33 items were selected. The average content validity ratio for the final selected component was 0.76, and the stability was 0.28. Conclusion : Family function and the factors influencing domestic family function identified though this study can be used to conduct family function evaluations and interventions in clinical sites or relevant research studies.