• Aerospace Engineering and Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.183-192
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• 2011

The demand for weight saving and high performance of aircraft require the more uses of composite materials. However the complicate behaviors and various failure characteristics restrict usage of composite materials. Low-velocity impact damage is a major concern in the design of structures made of composite materials, because impact damage is hidden and cannot be detected by visual inspection. Especially, the reduction on compressive strength after impact is influenced by the ply delaminations introduced as damage by impact event. In this research, the numerical analysis was performed to investigate impact damage and compressive strength after impact. It was found that impact force history and compressive strength after impact calculated by the numerical analysis were compared and shown a good agreement with experimental results.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.1389-1396
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• 2007

Twelve swamp buffaloes and Brahman cattle heifers (6 animals each) were randomly assigned to two treatments, control (grazing only) and supplementation of cassava hay (CH) at 1-kg dry matter per head per day (DM/hd/d), in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement according to a cross-over design. The cassava hay contained a high level of protein (19.5% of DM) and a strategic amount of condensed tannins (4.0% of DM). As a result it was revealed that supplementation of CH at 1-kg DM/hd/d significantly (p<0.05) improved the nutrition of both swamp buffaloes and Brahman cattle in terms of DM, organic matter (OM), protein and energy intake and digestibility, ruminal NH3-N and rumen ecology. Supplementation significantly (p<0.05) reduced weight losses in both species and improved the health, in terms of reduced number of parasite eggs in feces (p<0.05), of both buffaloes and cattle. There tended to be a difference in term of response to CH between the two species. The DM, OM, protein intake and digestibility and total digestible energy intake tended to be higher for buffaloes as compared to cattle. Moreover, the percentage reduction of parasite eggs tended to be higher for buffaloes as compared to cattle (57.6 and 45.0%, respectively). However, there were no significant interactions between species and treatments.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.678-688
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• 2024

Objective: Reduced crude protein (CP) diets offer potential benefits such as optimized feed efficiency, reduced expenses, and lower environmental impact. The objective of this study was to evaluate black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) meal on a low-protein diet for duck performance, blood biochemical, intestinal morphology, gastrointestinal development, and litter. Methods: The experiment was conducted for 42 days. A total of 210-day-old male hybrid ducklings (5 replicate pens, 7 ducks per pen) were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments (3×2 factorial arrangements) in randomized design. The factors were CP level (18%, 16%, 14%) and protein source feed soybean meals (SBM), black soldier fly larvae meals (BSFLM). Results: Reduced dietary CP levels significantly decreased growth performance, feed intake, the percentage of nitrogen, pH (p<0.05), and tended to suppress ammonia in litter (p = 0.088); increased lipid concentration; and enhanced relative weight of gastrointestinal tracts (p<0.05). In addition, dietary BSFL as a source of protein feed significantly increased lipid concentration and impacted lowering villus height and crypt depth on jejunum (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, the use of BSFLM in a low-protein diet was found to have a detrimental effect on growth performance. However, the reduction of 2% CP levels in SBM did not have a significant impact on growth performance but decreased nitrogen and ammonia concentrations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1610-1616
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• 2006

Influence of different levels of corn steep liquor (CSL) on chemical composition of urea treated wheat straw (UTWS), ruminal characteristics, digestion kinetics, nitrogen (N) utilization, and nutrient digestibility by ruminally-cannulated buffalo bulls was studied in a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square Design. The CSL was used to ensile 5% UTWS at the rate of 0, 3, 6, and 9% on a dry matter (DM) basis. Total N and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were increased with increasing level of CSL. Increased NDF content was attributable to increased neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen. Four diets were formulated to contain 20% concentrate and 80% UTWS ensiled with 0, (control), 3 (CSL3), 6 (CSL6), and 9% CSL (CSL9). All diets were mixed daily and fed at 1.5% of body weight twice daily. Ruminal NH3 concentration decreased with level of CSL used to ensile UTWS at 3 and 6 h post prandial, however, at 9 h post parandial it was similar across all diets and at 12 h post prandial was higher with diets containing UTWS ensiled with CSL. Concentrations of total ruminal volatile fatty acid and acetate were increased with the CSL level used to ensile UTWS. Increased rate of disappearance and reduction in lag time of DM and NDF was recorded with diets containing UTWS ensiled with CSL. Dry matter and NDF digestibilities were higher with CSL diets than on the control diet. Buffalo bulls retained more N with diets containing UTWS ensiled with CSL. The present results indicated that UTWS could be ensiled with CSL to improve its nutritive value and N utilization by ruminants.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.337-353
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• 2018

The present study focuses on examining the structural behaviour of steel-fibre-reinforced concrete (SFRC) beams under high rates of loading largely associated with impact problems. Fibres are added to the concrete mix to enhance ductility and energy absorption, which is important for impact-resistant design. A simple, yet practical non-linear finite-element analysis (NLFEA) model was used in the present study. Experimental static and impact tests were also carried out on beams spanning 1.3 meter with weights dropped from heights of 1.5 m and 2.5 m, respectively. The numerical model realistically describes the fully-brittle tensile behaviour of plain concrete as well as the contribution of steel fibres to the post-cracking response (the latter was allowed for by conveniently adjusting the constitutive relations for plain concrete, mainly in uniaxial tension). Suitable material relations (describing compression, tension and shear) were selected for SFRC and incorporated into ABAQUS software Brittle Cracking concrete model. A more complex model (i.e., the Damaged Plasticity concrete model in ABAQUS) was also considered and it was found that the seemingly simple (but fundamental) Brittle Cracking model yielded reliable results. Published data obtained from drop-weight experimental tests on RC and SFRC beams indicates that there is an increase in the maximum load recorded (compared to the corresponding static one) and a reduction in the portion of the beam span reacting to the impact load. However, there is considerable scatter and the specimens were often tested to complete destruction and thus yielding post-failure characteristics of little design value and making it difficult to pinpoint the actual load-carrying capacity and identify the associated true ultimate limit state (ULS). To address this, dynamic NLFEA was employed and the impact load applied was reduced gradually and applied in pulses to pinpoint the actual failure point. Different case studies were considered covering impact loading responses at both the material and structural levels as well as comparisons between RC and SFRC specimens. Steel fibres were found to increase the load-carrying capacity and deformability by offering better control over the cracking process concrete undergoes and allowing the impact energy to be absorbed more effectively compared to conventional RC members. This is useful for impact-resistant design of SFRC beams.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.249-256
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• 2007

AIn this paper, a new desist of LDI controller IC for general purpose is proposed for driving the LDI(LCD Driver Interface) controller in $4{\sim}9$ inches sized portable small-medium TFT-LCD(Thin Film Transistor addressed -Liquid Crystal Display) panel module. The designed LDI controller was verified on the FPGA(Reld Programmable Gate Array) test board, and was made the interactive operation with the commercial TFT-LCD panel successfully. The purpose of design is that it is standardized the LDI controller's operation by one LDI controller for driving all TFT-LCD panel without classifying the panel vendor, and size. The main advantage for new general-purpose LDI controller is the usage for the desist of all panel's SoG(System on a Glass) module because of the design for the standard operation. And in the previous method, it used each LDI controller for every LCD vendor, and panel size, but because a new one can drive all portable small-medium sized panel, it results in reduction of LDI controller supply price, and manufacturing cost of AV(Audio Video) board and panel. In the near future, the development of SoG IC(Integrated Circuit) for manufacturing more excellent functional TFT-LCD panel module is necessary. As a result of this research, the TFT-LCD panel can make more small size, and light weight, and it results in an upturn of domestic company's share in the world market. With the suggested theory in this paper, it expects to be made use of a basic data for developing and manufacturing for the SoG chip of TFT-LCD panel module.

• Journal of Korean Society of societal Security
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.33-39
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• 2010

This study is to reduce the rate of drowning accident by using of buoyancy bag. People are exposed to the high risk of drowning accident when they have water leisure activities due to the lack of safety mind-set and shortage of safety products. In case of drowning accident, the rescue action is normally depending on the other people's assistance. Therefore, rescue activities which relyn the people doesn't improve the ratio of survival in the drowning accidents. The submarine specialists should use the buoyancy products to rescue the people in the drowning accident. The citizen can carry portable buoyancy product in the automobile as well as by hands anywhere and anytime. It will be effective rescue tool to save his/her life in the emergency. In addition, it will contribute to rescue other's life because it can be used immediately. There are 3 positive characteristics on the buoyancy bag. First, it is convenience. Documents and other stuffs can be kept in the bag. Second is safety. The material of buoyancy is placed in the inner of the bag. It is possible to float the person whose weight is 90 kg. Lastly, it is durability. It can be used long-term because the outer of the bag is made of anti-water material and anti-water zipper. As a result of performance analysis, it is evident that the buoyancy bag can be used to rescue the people in the drowning accident as a indirect rescue tool compared with the current other rescue products. It is recommended that the design of outer box and performance of buoyancy are required to be improved in order to contribute more to rescue people in the accident.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.173-181
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• 2021

Reinforced concrete structures are exposed to various environments, resulting in reinforcement corrosion due to moisture and ions penetration. Reinforced concrete corrosion causes a decrease in the durability performance of reinforced concrete structures. One solution to mitigate such issues is using FRP rebars, which offer several advantages such as high tensile strength, corrosion resistance, and light-weight than conventional rebars, in reinforced concrete instead of conventional steel rebars. The FRP rebar used should be examined at the limit state because FRP reinforced concrete has linear behavior until its fracture and can generate excessive deflection due to the low elastic modulus. It should be considered while designing FRP reinforced concrete for flexure. In the ultimate limit state, the flexural strength of FRP reinforced concrete as per ACI 440.1R is significantly lower than the flexural strength by applying both the environmental reduction and strength reduction factors accounting for the material uncertainty of FRP rebar. Therefore, in this study, the experimental results were compared with the deflection of the proposed effective moment of inertia referring to the local and international standards. The experimental results of GFRP and BFRP reinforced concrete were compared with the flexural strength as determined by ACI 440.1R and Fib bulletin 40. The flexural strength obtained by the experimental results was more similar to that obtained by Fib bulletin 40 than ACI 440.1R. The flexural strength of ACI 440.1R was conservatively evaluated in the tension-controlled section.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.25-40
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• 2007

Excessive earth pressure is one of the major mechanical factors in the deformation and damage of Cut-and-Cover Tunnel lining in shallow tunnels and portals of mountain tunnels (Kim, 2000). Excessive earth pressure may be attributed to insufficient compaction and consolidation of backfill material due to self-weight, precipitation and vibration caused by traffic (Komiya et al., 2000; Taylor et al., 1984; Yoo, 1997). Even though there were a lot of tests performed to determine the earth pressure acting on the tunnel lining, unfortunately there were almost no case histories of studies performed to determine remedial measures that reduce differential settlement and excessive earth pressure. In this study the installation of geotextile mat was selected to reduce the differential settlement and excessive earth pressure acting on the cut-and-cover tunnel lining. In order to determine settlement and earth pressure reduction effect (reinforcement effect) of geotextile mat reinforcement, laboratory tunnel model tests were performed. This study was limited to the modeling of rigid circular cut-and-cover tunnel constructed at a depth of $1.0D\sim1.5D$ in loose sandy ground and subjected to a vibration frequency of 100 Hz. Model tests with varying soil cover, mat reinforcement scheme and slope roughness were performed to determine the most effective mat reinforcement scheme. Slope roughness was adjusted by attaching sandpaper #100, #400 and acetate on the cut slope surface. Mat reinforcement effect of each mat reinforcement scheme were presented by the comparison of earth pressure obtained from the unreinforced and mat reinforced model tests. Soil settlement reduction was analyzed and presented using the Picture Analysis Method (Park, 2003).

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2019

Concrete, which is the most widely used building material in modern times, has been improved not only in strength but also in structural performance such as increase in toughness and ductility, weight reduction, and improvement in quality of human life. Due to the surge in demand for the building, there is a tendency to be used variously from architectural panel and architecture to interior accessories. In Korea, a light-transmitting concrete, LEFC(Light Emotion Friendly Concrete), that insert plastic rods to stimulate emotional sensation through the combination of light and concrete has developed. In previous research, it was confirmed that the use of a synthetic foam agent rather than an animal foam agent did not cause a fogging phenomenon. In this study, lightweight by applying foaming agent to LEFC and two types of fiber (Nylon Fiber, Polyvinyl Alcohol) were compared to achieve to investigate the fiber to be applied in future. An equation that can predict the loss and adhesion reduction of the concrete section according to the diameter of the rod (5mm, 10mm) and the interval (10mm, 15mm, 20mm) was proposed.