• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.142-153
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• 2019

조선시대는 『조선왕조실록』, 『승정원일기』, 각종 『의궤』 등 공식 기록과 함께 각 개인이 남긴 문집이나 편지, 일기에 이르기까지 다양한 기록유산이 있다. 그 가운데 독자를 염두에 두지 않은 개인 일기는 그 어떤 기록보다 솔직하고 생생한 현장감이 담겨 있기에 일찍부터 그 가치를 주목받아왔다. 그런데 이순신의 『난중일기』, 박지원의 『열하일기』 등과 같은 유명한 몇몇 일기를 제외하고 조선시대 개인 일기는 세상에 쉽게 드러나지도 않고 제대로 정리되지도 못한 채 기록유산 보존·관리의 사각지대에서 훼손·유실되고 있다. 조선시대 개인 일기는 지극히 개인적인 기록으로 작성 당시부터 좋은 품질의 종이를 사용한 경우가 드물다. 또한 작성자 사후(死後)에는 대부분 집안 후손에서 후손으로 전해지면서 보관되다보니 동시대에 제작된 실록, 의궤와 같은 기록유산보다 상태가 양호하지 못했던 역사적 환경이 있다. 또 간혹 보존 상태가 양호한 개인 일기를 접하게 되더라도 대부분이 정형화(整形化)된 활자본이 아니라 행·초서(行·草書)로 기록된 한문필사본(漢文筆寫本)이기 때문에 한글 전용 세대인 우리들이 정리하기에는 어려운 것도 사실이다. 그러나 한편으로 조선시대 관찬사료(官撰史料)의 방증사료(傍證史料)로서의 가치가 부각되고, <대장금(大長今)>과 같은 사극의 콘텐츠로 활용도가 커질수록 조선시대 개인 일기에 대한 연구와 보존·관리 방안이 필요하다는 목소리가 높아지는 것도 현실이다. 이러한 종합적인 상황을 고려하여 본고는 최근 국립문화재연구소가 조사한 조선시대 개인 일기의 현황을 분석하고 내용 분류와 시기별 특징에 대하여 개괄적인 검토를 하였다. 이들 검토 내용이 향후 조선시대 개인 일기의 연구 방향과 보존·관리에 일조되기를 기대한다.

• 천문학논총
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2023

Numerous Sundials were fabricated during the reign of King Sejong of the Joseon Dynasty. One among them is Jeongnam-Ilgu (the Fixing-South Sundial), where the time can be measured after setting up the suitable meridian line without a compass. We reconstructed the new Jeongnam-Ilgu model based on the records of 'Description of Making the Royal Observatory Ganui (簡儀臺記)' in the Veritable Record of King Sejong. Jeongnam-Ilgu has a summer solstice half-ring under a horizontal ring which is fixed to two pillars in the north and south, and in which a declination ring rotates around the polar axis. In our model, the polar axis matches the altitude of Hanyang (that is Seoul). There are two merits if the model is designed to install the polar axis in the way that enters both the north and south poles and rotates in them: One is that it is possible to fix the polar axis to the declination ring together with the cross-strut. The other is that a twig for hanging weights can be protruded on the North Pole. The declination ring is supposed to be 178 mm in diameter and is carved on the scale of the celestial-circumference degrees on the ring's surface, where a degree scale can be divided into four equal parts through the diagonal lines. In addition, the time's graduation that is drawn on the summer solstice half-ring makes it possible to measure the daytime throughout the year. An observational property of Jeongnam-Ilgu is that a solar image can be obtained using a pin-hole. The position cast by the solar image between hour circles makes a time measurement. We hope our study will contribute to the restoration of Jeongnam-Ilgu.

• 천문학논총
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.65-78
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• 2021

Jagyeokru, an automatic striking water clock described in the Sejong Sillok (Veritable Records of King Sejong) is essentially composed of a water quantity control device and a time-signal device, with the former controlling the amount or the flow rate of water and the latter automatically informing the time based on the former. What connects these two parts is a signal generating device or a power transmission device called the 'Jujeon' system, which includes a copper rod on the float and ball-racked scheduled plates. The copper products excavated under Gongpyeong-dong in Seoul include a lot of broken plate pieces and cylinder-like devices. If some plate pieces are put together, a large square plate with circular holes located in a zigzag can be completed, and at the upper right of it is carved 'the first scheduled plate (一箭).' Cylinder-like devices generally 3.8 cm in diameter are able to release a ball, and have a ginkgo leaf-like screen fixed on the inner axis and a bird-shaped hook of which the leg fixes another axis and the beak attaches to the leaf side. The lateral view of this cylinder-like device appears like a trapezoid and mounts an iron ball. The function of releasing a ball agrees with the description of Borugak Pavilion, where Jagyeokru was installed, written by Kim Don (1385 ~ 1440). The other accounts of Borugak Pavilion's and Heumgyeonggak Pavilion's water clocks describe these copper plates and ball releasing devices as the 'Jujeon' system. According to the description of Borugak Pavilion, a square wooden column has copper plates on the left and right sides the same height as the column, and the left copper plate has 12 drilled holes to keep the time of a 12 double-hours. Meanwhile, the right plate has 25 holes which represent seasonal night 5-hours (Kyeong) and their 5-subhours (Jeom), not 12 hours. There are 11 scheduled plates for seasonal night 5-hours made with copper, which are made to be attached or detached as the season. In accordance with Nujutongui (manual for the operation of the yardstick for the clepsydra), the first scheduled plate for the night is used from the winter solstice (冬至) to 2 days after Daehan (大寒), and from 4 days before Soseol (小雪) to a day before the winter solstice. Besides the first scheduled plate, we confirm discovering a third scheduled plate and a sixth scheduled plate among the excavated copper materials based on the spacing between holes. On the other hand, the width of the scheduled plate is different for these artifacts, measured as 144 mm compared to the description of the Borugak Pavilion, which is recorded as 51 mm. From this perspective, they may be the scheduled plates for the Heumgyeonggak Ongru made in 1438 (or 1554) or for the new Fortress Pavilion installed in Changdeokgung palace completed in 1536 (the 31^st year of the reign of King Jungjong) in the early Joseon dynasty. This study presents the concept of the scheduled plates described in the literature, including their new operating mechanism. In addition, a detailed model of 11 scheduled plates is designed from the records and on the excavated relics. It is expected that this study will aid in efforts to restore and reconstruct the automatic water clocks of the early Joseon dynasty.