• 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.27-31
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigated the usefulness of MR perfusion image comparing with SPECT image. A total of pediatric 30 patients(average age : 7.8) with Moyamoya disease were performed MR Perfusion with 32 channel body coil at 3T from March 01, 2010 to June 10, 2010. The MRI sequences and parameters were as followed : gradient Echo-planar imaging(EPI), TR/TE : 2000ms/50ms, FA : $90^{\circ}$, FOV : $240{\times}240$, Matrix : $128{\times}128$, Thickness : 5mm, Gap : 1.5mm. Images were obtained contrast agent administrated at a rate of 1mL/sec after scan start 10s with a total of slice 1000 images(50 phase/1 slice). It was measured with visual color image and digitize data using MRDx software(IDL version 6.2) and also, it was compared of measurement with values of normal and abnormal ratio to analyze hemodynamic change, and a comparison between perfusion MR with technique using Warm Color at SPECT examination. On MR perfusion examination, the color images from abnormal region to the red collar with rCBV(relative cerebral blood volume) and rCBF(relative cerebral blood flow) caused by increase cerebral blood flow with brain vascular occlusion in surrounding collateral circulation advancement, the blood speed relatively was depicted slowly with blue in MTT(Mean Transit Time) and TTP(Time to Peak) images. The region which was visible abnormally from MR perfusion examination visually were detected as comparison with the same SPECT examination region, would be able to confirm the identical results in MMD(Moyamoya disease)judgments. Hymo-dynamic change in MR perfusion examination produced by increase and delay cerebral blood flow. This change with digitize data and being color imaging makes enable to distinguish between normal and abnormal area. Relatively, MR perfusion examination compared with SPECT examination could bring an excellent image with spatial resolution without radiation expose.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.31-41
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• 2010

Cochlodinium polykrikoides 적조는 매년 여름철에 남해안을 중심으로 발생하였으나, 2009년에는 적조가 전혀 발생되지 않았다. 본 연구는 남해안 여수부터 완도해역을 대상으로 조사정점 13개를 정하여 2007년부터 2009년까지 여름철 수질환경 및 식물플랑크톤 군집 동태를 적조가 발생된 연도(2007년과 2009년)와 적조가 발생되지 않은 연도(2009)년) 자료를 상호 비교하였다. 2009년 6월부터 남해안 집중강우로 인하여 7월의 평균수온이 $20^{\circ}C$ 이하의 저수온과 8월에 염분이 31psu 이하의 저염분, pH가 8월에 8.4 정도를 보여 적조발생 년도에 비하여 해양환경의 큰 변화를 가져왔다. 또한 DIN 농도는 적조발생 년도에 비하여 약 2배 이상 높은 값을 보였고, N:P 및 Si:N 비율에서도 적조가 발생된 년도에 비하여 Redfield ratio가 16 이상을 나타내어 완전히 정반대의 양상을 보였다. 조사기간 동안의 대부분의 우점종으로는Chaetoceros spp., Skeletonema costatusm, Thalassiosira spp.와 같은 규조류가 대부분 출현되었고, 와편모조류로는 Ceratium spp. 등으로 나타났다. 특히 2009년 8월경에는 C. polykrikoides 대신에 Gonyaulax polygramma 종으로 적조를 형성하기도 하였다. 따라서 2009년 6월부터 집중강우 및 일조량 부족으로 인한 C. polykrikoides 대수증식기 시점에 수온, 염분 등과 같은 해양환경의 급격한 변화로 인하여 적조형성이 지연됨과 아울러 G. polygramma와 Chaetoceros 등과 같은 규조류의 세력에 밀려 2009년에는 C. polykrikoides 적조가 발생하지 않은 것으로 판단된다.

• 폴리머
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.363-369
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• 2011

콘크리트 제조 시 사용되는 잉여수를 지연 흡수시키기 위하여 역유화중합법으로 중합된 가교 poly(sodium acrvlate) (cPSA)를 ethylene glycol dimethacrylate(EGDMA)로 표면 가교시켰다. cPSA의 제조에서 연속상은 paraffin liquid, 단량제는 8 M 농도의 NaOH 수용액으로 90% 중화된 acrylic acid(AA), 가교제는 N,N-methylene bisacrylamide(MBA), redox 개시제는 ammonium persulfate(APS)와 sodium metabisulfite(SMBS)를 사용하여 역유화중합법으로 제조하였다. 제조된 cPSA는 EGDMA플 사용하여 표면 가교 반응을 수행하였다. 시멘트 수용액에서 $Ca^{2+}$ 이온과 cPSA의 상호 작용을 관찰하기 위하여 FTIR spectroscopy 분석법을 사용하였다. 제조된 흡수제들을 탈이온수 $Ca(OH)_2$ 수용액(pH 12) 및 시멘트 포화 수용액에서의 팽윤비를 측정하였으며, cPSA는 2시간만에 팽윤이 완료되었지만, 표면이 가교된 cPSA-EGDMA는 3시간 후 팽윤이 거의 완료되는 것을 관찰하였다. 또한 합성한 cPSA-EGDMA를 첨가함으로써 시멘트의 응결시간과 모르타르의 압축강도 증가를 관찰하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.6191-6196
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• 2012

Aims and Background: Traditional chemotherapy strategies for human leukemia commonly use drugs based on cytotoxicity to eradicate cancer cells. One predicament is that substantial damage to normal tissues is likely to occur in the course of standard treatments. Obviously, it is urgent to explore therapies that can effectively eliminate malignant cells without affecting normal cells. Our previous studies indicated that ginsenoside $Rg_1$ ($Rg_1$), a major active pharmacological ingredient of ginseng, could delay normal hematopoietic stem cell senescence. However, whether $Rg_1$ can induce cancer cell senescence is still unclear. Methods: In the current study, human leukemia K562 cells were subjected to $Rg_1$ exposure. The optimal drug concentration and duration with K562 cells was obtained by MTT colorimetric test. Effects of $Rg_1$ on cell cycle were analyzed using flow cytometry and by SA-${\beta}$-Gal staining. Colony-forming ability was measured by colony-assay. Telomere lengths were assessed by Southern blotting and expression of senescence-associated proteins P21, P16 and RB by Western blotting. Ultrastructural morphology changes were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results: K562 cells demonstrated a maximum proliferation inhibition rate with an $Rg_1$ concentration of $20{\mu}\;mol{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for 48h, the cells exhibiting dramatic morphological alterations including an enlarged and flat cellular morphology, larger mitochondria and increased number of lysosomes. Senescence associated-${\beta}$-galactosidase (SA-${\beta}$-Gal) activity was increased. K562 cells also had decreased ability for colony formation, and shortened telomere length as well as reduction of proliferating potential and arrestin $G_2$/M phase after $Rg_1$ interaction. The senescence associated proteins P21, P16 and RB were significantly up-regulated. Conclusion: Ginsenoside $Rg_1$ can induce a state of senescence in human leukemia K562 cells, which is associated with p21-Rb and p16-Rb pathways.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.265-274
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 초광대역(UWB)에서 사용 가능한 넓은 방사 슬롯 안테나의 소형화와 동시에 UWB 시스템과 IEEE 802.11 a/n 표준의 Wi-Fi 서비스를 사용하는 무선 랜 시스템 간의 간섭을 막기 위한 노치 구조에 대하여 연구하였다. 제안된 안테나는 기존 안테나의 넓은 슬롯을 공진 주파수의 $\lambda/2$ 길이에서 $\lambda/4$로 축소 설계하여 전체 크기를 약 72 % 감소시켰다. 그리고 T-모양의 CPW 급전 스터브를 최적화하여 3.0~11.8 GHz의 초광대역을 만족시켰다. 이 스터브 내부에 노치 구조인 2차 Hilbert curve 슬롯 라인을 만들어 5 GHz를 중심으로 4.9~5.6 GHz를 제거하였다. 최종적으로 FR4-epoxy 기판에 제작한 안테나는 $20{\times}15\;mm^2$이다. 반사 손실을 측정한 결과, Wi-Fi 대역이 제거된 3.2~11.8 GHz에서 -10 dB 이하를 만족하였으며, 선형적인 위상 특성과 안정된 군지연 특성, 그리고 무지향성의 방사 패턴을 잘 만족하였다.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was designed to optimize the flip angle (FA) and scan timing of the hepatobiliary phase (HBP) using the 3D T1-weighted, gradient-echo (GRE) imaging with controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration (CAIPIRINHA) technique on gadoxetic acid-enhanced 3T liver MR imaging. Materials and Methods: Sixty-two patients who underwent gadoxetic acid-enhanced 3T liver MR imaging were included in this study. Four 3D T1-weighted GRE imaging studies using the CAIPIRINHA technique and FAs of $9^{\circ}$ and $13^{\circ}$ were acquired during HBP at 15 and 20 min after intravenous injection of gadoxetic acid. Two abdominal radiologists, who were blinded to the FA and the timing of image acquisition, assessed the sharpness of liver edge, hepatic vessel clarity, lesion conspicuity, artifact severity, and overall image quality using a five-point scale. Quantitative analysis was performed by another radiologist to estimate the relative liver enhancement (RLE) and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Statistical analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test and one-way analysis of variance. Results: The scores of the HBP with an FA of $13^{\circ}$ during the same delayed time were significantly higher than those of the HBP with an FA of $9^{\circ}$ in all the assessment items (P < 0.01). In terms of the delay time, images at the same FA obtained with a 20-min-HBP showed better quality than those obtained with a 15-min-HBP. There was no significant difference in qualitative scores between the 20-min-HBP and the 15-min-HBP images in the non-liver cirrhosis (LC) group except for the hepatic vessel clarity score with $9^{\circ}$ FA. In the quantitative analysis, a statistically significant difference was found in the degree of RLE in the four HBP images (P = 0.012). However, in the subgroup analysis, no significant difference in RLE was found in the four HBP images in either the LC or the non-LC groups. The SNR did not differ significantly in the four HBP images. In the subgroup analysis, 20-min-HBP imaging with a $13^{\circ}$ FA showed the highest SNR value in the LC-group, whereas 15-min-HBP imaging with a $13^{\circ}$ FA showed the best value of SNR in the non-LC group. Conclusion: The use of a moderately high FA improves the image quality and lesion conspicuity on 3D, T1-weighted GRE imaging using the CAIPIRINHA technique on gadoxetic acid, 3T liver MR imaging. In patients with normal liver function, the 15-min-HBP with a $13^{\circ}$ FA represents a feasible option without a significant decrease in image quality.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.129-149
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• 1991

Circadian rhythm is entrained in the 24-hour time interval by periodic factors in the environment, known as zeitgeber. But most rotating work schedules are outside the range of the entrainment of the pacemaker timing the human circadian sleep - wake cycle. It has been postulated that physiological and emotional disturbances occur in most human functions when the circadian rhythm is disturbed. So application of circadian principles to the design of shift schedules can aid in maintaining the temporal integrity of the circadian system and thereby minimize for the shift worker any detrimental consequences of circadian disruption. This study was a quasi-experimental study to test the effect of shift intervals for the clinical nurse on the circadian rhythm. Twenty nurses newly employed in general units of two hospitals were selected as an experimental group and twelve college nursing students as a control group. Both groups were selected according to an established criteria using a purposive sampling technique. Ten subjects were assigned to a weekly shift group and another ten to a biweekly shift group engaged in a semi -continuous shift schedule(sunday off) with a backward direction, that is, morning -evening - night shift. The control group worked a morning shift for 42 days. Oral temperature rhythm, waking tim, sleep - wake cycle, fatigue, and mental performance were measured during the experimental period. The data collection period was from April 30, 1990 to June 10, 1990. MANOVA, paired t-test, ANOVA, and Student Newman Keuls method were used for statistical analysis. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Phase delay in the acrophase of temperature rhythm was shown according to the backward rotating shift. A complete adaptation to work on the night shift was achieved between the sixth and ninth day of the night shift. 2. There was no difference in either waking time or sleep- wake cycle according to the duration of the working day for every shift group. Significant difference was found in the waking time and the sleep -wake cycle for subjects on the morning, evening, and night shift in both of the shift groups(weekly shift group : λ＝0.121, p＜0.01, λ＝0.112, p＜0.01, biweekly shift group : λ＝0.116, p＜0.01, λ＝0.084, p＜0.01). 3. There was no difference in fatigue between the first working day and the last working day for the control group and for the biweekly shift group. In the weekly shift group, physical fatigue was significantly different for the first day and the sixth day of the night shift(t＝-2.28, p＜0.05). Physical fatigue and total fatigue on the first day of the night shift showed a significant difference among the control group, the weekly shift group, and the biweekly shift group(F＝5.79, p＜0.01, F＝4.56, p＜0.05). There was a significant difference between the shift groups and the control group(p＜0.05), Physical fatigue, neurosensory fatigue and total fatigue on the last day of the night shift showed a significant difference among the control group, the weekly shift group, and the biweekly shift group(F＝12.65, p＜0.01, F＝7.77, p＜0.01, F＝9.68, p＜0.01). There was a significant difference between the shift groups and the control group(p＜0.05). 4. No difference in mental performance was seen between the first day and the last day of work in each case. An arithmatic test on the first day of the night shift revealed a significant difference among the control group, the weekly shift group, and the biweekly shift group(F＝3.79, p＜0.05). There was a significant difference between the shift groups and the control group(p＜0.05) . The digital symbol substitution test and the arithmetic test on the last day of the night shift showed a significant difference among the control group, the weekly shift group, and the biweekly shift group(F＝3.68, p＜0.05, F＝5.55, p＜0.01), and both showed a significant difference between the shift groups and the control group(p＜0.05). Accordingly, this study showed that during night duty, the waking time, sleep- wake cycle, and fatigue increased and mental performance decreased compared with morning and evening duty. It was also found that the weekly shift group had a higher fatigue score on the sixth day of night duty as compared to the -first day, but the waking time, sleep- wake cycle, and mental performance revealed no difference for the duration of the night duty or between shift groups, and complete adaptation of temperature rhythm was achieved between the sixth and ninth day of night duty. It is possible to conclude from these results that for intermediate circadian type in a healthy young woman, a biweekly shift system is more compatible with the circadian timing system than weekly shift system.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2000년도 국제심포지움
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• pp.10-12
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• 2000

Members of the glycoprotein family, which includes CG, LH, FSH and TSH, comprise two noncovalently linked $\alpha$- and $\beta$-subunits. Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), known as PMSG, has a number of interesting and unique characteristics since it appears to be a single molecule that possesses both LH- and FSH-like activities in other species than the horse. This dual activity of eCG in heterologous species is of fundamental interest to the study of the structure-function relationships of gonadotropins and their receptors. CG and LH $\beta$ genes are different in primates. In horse, however, a single gene encodes both eCG and eLH $\beta$-subunits. The subunit mRNA levels seem to be independently regulated and their imbalance may account for differences in the quantities of $\alpha$ - and $\beta$ -subunits in the placenta and pituitary. The dual activities of eCG could be separated by removal of the N-linked oligosaccharide on the $\alpha$-subunit Asn 56 or CTP-associated O-linked oligosaccharides. The tethered-eCG was. efficiently secreted and showed similar LH-like activity to the dimeric eCG. Interestingly, the FSH-like activity of the tethered-eCG was increased markedly in comparison with the native and wild type eCG. These results also suggest that this molecular can implay particular models of FSH-like activity not LH-like activity in the eCG/indicate that the constructs of tethered molecule will be useful in the study of mutants that affect subunit association and/or secretion. A single-chain analog can also be constructed to include additional hormone-specific bioactive generating potentially efficacious compounds that have only FSH-like activity. The LH/CG receptor (LH/CGR), a membrane glycoprotein that is present on testicular Leydig cells and ovarian theca, granulosa, luteal, and interstitial cells, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of gonadal development and function in males as well as in nonpregnant and pregnant females. The LH/CGR is a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors and its structure is predicted to consist of a large extracellular domain connected to a bundle of seven membrane-spanning a-helices. The LH/CGR phosphorylation can be induced with a phorbol ester, but not with a calcium ionophore. The truncated form of LHR also was down-regulated normally in response to hCG stimulation. In contrast, the cell lines expressing LHR-t63I or LHR-628, the two phosphorylation-negative receptor mutant, showed a delay in the early phase of hCG-induced desensitization, a complete loss of PMA-induced desensitization, and an increase in the rate of hCG-induced receptor down-regulation. These results clearly show that residues 632-653 in the C-terminal tail of the LHR are involved in PMA-induced desensitization, hCG-induced desensitization, and hCG-induced down-regulation. Recently, constitutively activating mutations of the receptor have been identified that are associated with familial male-precocious puberty. Cells expressing LHR-D556Y bind hCG with normal affinity, exhibit a 25-fold increase in basal cAMP and respond to hCG with a normal increase in cAMP accumulation. This mutation enhances the internalization of the free and agonist-occupied receptors ~2- and ~17-fold, respectively. We conclude that the state of activation of the LHR can modulate its basal and/or agonist-stimulated internalization. Since the internalization of hCG is involved in the termination of hCG actions, we suggest that the lack of responsiveness detected in cells expressing LHR-L435R is due to the fast rate of internalization of the bound hCG. This statement is supported by the finding that hCG responsiveness is restored when the cells are lysed and signal transduction is measured in a subcellular fraction (membranes) that cannot internalize the bound hormone.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.357-364
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• 2000

Members of the glycoprotein family, which includes CG, LH, FSH and TSH, comprise two noncovalently linked $\alpha$- and $\beta$-subunits. Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), known as PMSG, has a number of interesting and unique characteristics since it appears to be a single molecule that possesses both LH- and FSH-like activities in other species than the horse. This dual activity of eCG in heterologous species is of fundamental interest to the study of the structure-function relationships of gonadotropins and their receptors. CG and LH $\beta$ genes are different in primates. In horse, however, a single gene encodes both eCG and eLH $\beta$ -subunits. The subunit mRNA levels seem to be independently regulated and their imbalance may account for differences in the quantities of $\alpha$ - and $\beta$-subunits in the placenta and pituitary. The dual activities of eCG could be separated by removal of the N-linked oligosaccharide on the $\alpha$-subunit Asn 56 or CTP-associated O-linked oligosaccharides. The tethered-eCG was efficiently secreted and showed similar LH-like activity to the dimeric eCG. Interestingly, the FSH-like activity of the tethered-eCG was increased markedly in comparison with the native and wild type eCG. These results also suggest that this molecular can implay particular models of FSH-like activity not LH-like activity in the eCG/indicate that the constructs of tethered molecule will be useful in the study of mutants that affect subunit association and/or secretion. A single-chain analog can also be constructed to include additional hormone-specific bioactive generating potentially efficacious compounds that have only FSH-like activity. The LH/CG receptor (LH/CGR), a membrane glycoprotein that is present on testicular Leydig cells and ovarian theca, granulosa, luteal, and interstitial cells, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of gonadal development and function in males as well as in nonpregnant and pregnant females. The LH/CGR is a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors and its structure is predicted to of a large extracellular domain connected to a bundle of seven membrane-spanning a-helices. The LH/CGR phosphorylation can be induced with a phorbol ester, but not with a calcium ionophore. The truncated form of LHR also was down-regulated normally in response to hCG stimulation. In contrast, the cell lines expressing LHR-t631 or LHR-628, the two phosphorylation-negative receptor mutant, showed a delay in the early phase of hCG-induced desensitization, a complete loss of PMA-induced desensitization, and an increase in the rate of hCG-induced receptor down-regulation. These results clearly show that residues 632~653 in the C-terminal tail of the LHR are involved in PMA-induced desensitization, hCG-induced desensitization, and hCG-induced down-regulation. Recently, constitutively activating mutations of the receptor have been identified that are associated with familial male-precocious puberty. Cells expressing LHR-D556Y bind hCG with normal affinity, exhibit a 25-fold increase in basal cAMP and respond to hCG with a normal increase in cAMP accumulation. This mutation enhances the internalization of the free and agoinst-occupied receptors ~2- and ~17- fold, respectively. We conclude that the state of activation of the LHR can modulate its basal and/or agonist-stimulated internalization. Since the internalization of hCG is involved in the termination of hCG actions, we suggest that the lack of responsiveness detected in cells expressing LHR-L435R is due to the fast rate of internalization of the bound hCG. This statement is supported by the finding that hCG responsiveness is restored when the cells are lysed and signal transduction is measured in a subcellular fraction (membranes) that cannot internalize the bound hormone.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.13-25
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• 1998

본 논문에서는 부모학대의 주이유가 무엇보다도 가족내 역동과 정신병리에 있다고 생각되어, 부모학대를 주소로 입원한 청소년들을 대상으로 임상적인 소견과 병력을 심도 있게 알아보고, 그 저변에 있는 정신병리와 가족역동, 특히 모자관계를 중심으로 알아보았다. 국립서울정신병원내의 1987년부터 1997년까지 입원한 환자중 부모에게 신체 공격 또는 신체적 위해를 가하겠다는 언어적, 비언어적인 위협을 가한 환자중 정신증, 기질적인 뇌질환, 자폐아, 정신지체아동을 제외한 21명 환자의 면담과 병록지 검토를 통하여 대상 청소년들에 대한 고찰을 하였다. 부모학대로 입원한 21명의 환자중 남자 14명, 여자 7명으로 진단은 품행장애, 경계선 인격장애가 가장 많았으며, 평균 연령은 10대 중반이었다. 가족역동과 발달병리상 4개의 소집단으로 나눌 수 있었다. 1) 어머니와의 공생적인 관계군；(1) 어머니와 공생적인 관계에서 분리되지 않은 상태로 청소년 시기를 맞이하였고, 아버지의 정서적. 실제적 부재상태에서 어머니의 가정내 유일한 남자인 환자에 대한 과도한 밀착이 두드러졌다. 제2차 분리개별화시기인 청소년을 맞이하여 어머니와의 갈등적 관계에서 오는 내적 긴장감과 분노를 표현함과 동시에 나름대로 분리를 획득하고자하는 시도로서 어머니를 향한 신체적 공격을 이해할 수 있겠다. (2) 이 환자들은 탄생 이후부터 중한 질환과 발육부진으로 부모의 과잉보호로 공생적 관계에 머물며 유아적인 전지전능감, 힘에 대한 환상의 비현실적인 감각을 제대로 처리하지 못하고 현실적응을 못하고 부모에게 과도하게 의존하고, 자신의 요구가 충족되지 않으면 쉽게 과격행동으로 표출하였다. 2) 경계선 인격장애군：이들은 양육상의 적절한 모성의 결핍과 부모자체의 성격상의 문제와 미숙함으로 의존성이 조장되고 분리가 방해받아 발달상 재접근시기에 머물고 있었다. 제2차 분리개별화시기인 청소년기를 맞이하여 의존과 독립에 관한 그들의 위기 갈등이 되살아나고, 이 갈등의 표현으로 부모학대가 일어났다. 3) 품행장애군：이들은 부모와 기본적인 애착관계를 형성하지 못하였고, 부모의 존재는 이들에게 단지 자신의 필요 충족의 대상이었다. 환자 자신의 전지전능한 요구가 충족되지 못하고 갈등 상황에 빠졌을 때 공격성과 충동 조절 능력의 결여 상태에서 부모를 향한 폭력을 행사하게 된 것으로 이해된다.