• 터널과지하공간
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.95-101
• /
• 1992

Norwegian technology related to preinvestigations, planning, design and construction of large underground caverns is wellknown worldwide. However, so far this technology is only slightly verified through scientiffic reports and documentation. The "Rock cavern stadium" research program is an interdisciplinary program related to the ongoing building and future use of Gjovik Olympic Subsite which is the largest cavern in the world for public purposes with a span of 61 meters and a height of 25 meters. The estimated budget for this program is about USD 4 million which is made possible through grants from The Royal Norwegian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research as well as through contributions from Norwegian and Swedish companies that are participating. The program is carried out in collaboration with The Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the Norwegian Institute of Technology. The Norwegian Geotechnical Institute and The Eastern Norway Research Center. The research program will continue until the end of 1994 to ensure that input comes from a full period of use in this stadium with different activities like exhibitions, conferences, concerts etc being included as verification through full-scale measurements and observations. The research program has five subtasks. Three of these are related to subjects like Energy consumption. HVAC installations. Fire safety design, Engineering geology and Rock mechanics, Environmental aspects. The fourth subtask is concerned with the collection of basic data, results and experience from these three subtasks to provide a basis for national Norwegian guidelines related to this interdisciplinary subject area. The guidelines will first be presented as a manual for planning and engineering purposes. The realization of this research program is a unique opportunity to enhance the expertise that has been acquired from this cavern stadium. By involving research in this extraordinary project from the excavation and building phase to its subsequent use. this will give the participants know-how and expertise which is very much in demand internationally. The coordination of the international activities between the participants as well as preparation of participations and presentations in international conferences and symposium are included in the fifth task of this national research program.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.72-75
• /
• 2002

Objectives : To evaluate the health hazards in the underground storage facilities of ginger roots. Methods : The authors reviewed the emergency rescue records from the Seosan fire department over the period Jan 1, 1996 to Aug 31, 1999. The atmospheres in 3 different underground storage locations were analyzed for $O_2,\;CO_2,\;CO,\;H_2S\;and\;NH_4$. Results : From the emergency records, we were able to identify 20 individuals that had been exposed to occupational hazards in the underground storage facilities. Among these 20 cases, 13 were due to asphyxiation (resulting in f deaths) and 7 were due to falls. In the first atmospheric tests, peformed on Feb 25, 1998, the O2 level inside the underground storage facility, located about $5{\sim}6$ meters below the surface, was 20.6% and the $CO_2$ level was about 1,000 ppm. CO, $H_2S\;and\;NH_4$ were not detected. In the second tests on Jul 6, 1999, measurements of the $O_2$ level at 3 meters below the surface in two different storage locations were 15.3 and 15.1%. And the $O_2$ levels inside the storage facilities were 12.2 and 12.1%. The $CO_2$ level was above 5,000 ppm (beyond upper limits of measurement). CO, $H_2S\;and\;NH_4$ were not detected. Conclusions : We conclude that asphyxiation in the underground storage facilities for ginger roots was not due to the presence of toxic gases such as CO, $H_2S\;and\;NH_4$, but rather the exclusion of oxygen by carbon dioxide was responsible for causing casualties. For the development of a hazard free working environment, safety education as well as improvements in storage methods are needed.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.73-82
• /
• 2012

A 2-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model was developed and simulated for a tube reactor of packed bed where the steam-$CO_2$ combined reforming reaction of natural gas proceeded to produce synthesis gas. Under the reactor feeding rate, 45 $Nm^3$/h, of the reactant gas stream, the 2-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model showed the similar results to those from the ASPEN simulator although there were some discrepancies between the two in the temperature and the $H_2$/CO ratio of the reformed gas at the reactor exit. The calculated enthalpy difference between the reformed gas at the reactor exit and the reactant gas fed to the reactor was closely correspondent to the total amount of heat transferred to the reactor interior from the furnace. This supports that the 2-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model was reasonably established and the numerical solution was properly obtained.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.220-225
• /
• 2014

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the impact of a short walk putting on Coolfin shoes on the foot temperature rise and blood circulation. Methods: Twenty healthy adults participated in experiments in this study. All subjects walked respectively barefoot and putting on Coolfin shoes. Infrared imaging cameras were used to collect and analyze the data on the foot temperature. Results: As a result of this study, there were significant differences between the temperatures of the great toe and top of the foot after 20-minute walks with bare feet and in Coolfin shoes. Both the temperatures of the great toe and top of the foot decreased after a 20-minute walk in the barefoot condition, and there was a significant difference between them (p<0.05). Both the temperatures of the great toe and top of the foot increased after a 20-minute walk in the condition of putting on Coolfin shoes, and there was a significant difference between them(p<0.05). Conclusion: A short walk putting on Coolfin products induces the movement of the toes to increase the blood flow and accordingly, has a direct impact on the increase of the surface temperature of the feet, so they are effective products for helping blood circulation in the feet.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.12-25
• /
• 2007

Numerical simulation of the natural gas steam reforming process for on-site hydrogen production in a $H_2$ fueling station was conducted on the basis of process material and heat balances. The effects of reforming parameters on the process efficiency of hydrogen production were investigated, and set-point values of each of the parameters to minimize the sizes of unit process equipments and to secure a stable operability of the reforming process were suggested. S/C ratio of the reforming reactants was found to be a crucial parameter in the reforming process mostly governing both the hydrogen production efficiency and the stable operability of the process. The operation of the process was regarded to be stable if the feed water(WR) as a reforming reactant could evaporate completely to dry steam through HRSG. The optimum S/C ratio was 3.0 where the process efficiency of hydrogen production was maximized and the stable operability of the process was secured. The optimum feed rates of natural gas(NGR) and WR as reforming reactants and natural gas(NGB) as a burner fuel were also determined for the hydrogen production rate of $27\;Nm^3/h$.

• 한국가스학회지
• /
• 제16권5호
• /
• pp.41-46
• /
• 2012

인화점은 공기 속 가연성 증기의 농도가 연소하한계(lower flammability limit)에 도달할 때의 최저 온도이며, 산업현장에서 사용하는 물질들의 화재와 폭발의 위험성을 결정하는 중요한 물성치이다. 단일 성분의 인화점 정보는 여러 문헌에서 얻을 수 있으나, 이성분계 혼합물의 인화점은 충분히 제공되어 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 tert-pentanol+n-decanel 계의 인화점을 Tag 개방식 장치를 이용하여 측정하였다. 실험값은 Raoult의 법칙과, Wilson 식과 NRTL 식을 활용한 최적화 기법에 의해 계산된 값들과 비교되었다. 최적화 기법에 의한 계산값이 Rauolt의 법칙에 의한 계산값 보다 실험값에 더욱 근접하였다.

• 한국가스학회지
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2004

최근 가스관용으로 압력손실이 큰 동관의 사용은 점차 줄어들고 있는 추세이며, 한편으로는 폴리에틸렌관이 신소재배관재료로서 사용되어 지고 있다. 폴리에틸렌관은 화학적으로 안정성이 높아 부식에 강하고 반영구적으로 사용할 수 있으며, 유연성이 좋아 설치와 유지관리가 편한 장점이 있다. 그러나 외부에 노출되었을 때 쉽게 열화되므로, 주로 저압가스용 매설배관으로서 사용하고 있는 실정이다 그러나 매설배관으로 사용되는 폴리에틸렌관의 사용 중에 발생하는 결함에 대한 비파괴적 평가에 대한 연구는 거의 없다. 본 연구에서는 폴리에틸렌 배관의 건전성을 평가하기 위해 다양한 결함을 상정하여 볼 베어링 충격시험에 따른 음향방출에 의한 신호특성을 평가하였다. 폴리에틸렌 배관의 결함 형상에 따라 파형 및 중심주파수의 구별이 가능하였다. 특히, 노치결함이 있는 경우 노치의 각도와 깊이에 따라 AE신호의 특성이 다르게 나타났다.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.90-97
• /
• 2017

Nowadays, the most of commercial buildings are build-out with complex architecture and decorated with more complicated interiors of buildings so establishing intelligible escape routes becomes an important case of fire or other emergency in a limited time. The commercial buildings are already equipped with multiple exit signs and these exit signs may create confusion and leads the people into different directions under emergency. This can jeopardize the emergency situation into a chaotic state, especially in a complex layout buildings. There are many research focused on implementing different approached to improve the exit sign system with better visual navigating effects, such as the use of laser beams, the combination of audio and video cues, etc. However the digital signage system based emergency exit sign management is one of the best solution to guide people under emergency situations to escape. This research paper, propose an intelligent evacuation route GUIDE that uses the combination centralized Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and digital signage for people safety and avoids dangers from emergency conditions. This proposed system applies WSN to detect the environment condition in the building and uses an evacuation algorithm to estimate the safe route to escape using the sensor information and then activates the signage system to display the safe evacuation route instruction GUIDE according to the location the signage system is installed. This paper presented the prototype of the proposed signage system and execution time to find the route with future research directions. The proposed system provides a natural intelligent evacuation route interface for self or remote operation in facility management to efficiently GUIDE people to the safe exit under emergency conditions.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
• /
• 제25권5호
• /
• pp.141-148
• /
• 2021

본 연구에서는 강재 댐퍼의 횡변형을 방지할 수 있는 기술을 검토하여, 꺽쇠형 댐퍼에 적용하였다. 실험방법은 기존 연구와 같이 록킹 거동을 적용하였다. 평가변수는 횡변형 방지 상세 없는 기존 연구결과(SV-260)와 횡변형 방지 상세가 적용된 V-1과 V-1R이다. 여기서 V-1은 횡변형 방지상세가 댐퍼 하단부에 있으며, V-1R은 횡변형 방지상세가 하단부 및 상단부에 있다. 최대 하중 발현 시, 모멘트, 변위비 및 에너지 소산능력을 SV-260을 기준으로 상대 평가한 결과, SV-260 대비 V-1 및 V-1R의 최대모멘트는 1.22배, 1.36배 증가하였으며, 최대변위비는 2.41배, 2.92배 증가하였다. 또한 에너지 소산능력도 각각 1.39배, 1.52배 증가하였다. 따라서 강재 댐퍼에 횡변형 방지 상세를 적용한 것은 적절한 것으로 평가되었다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.118-128
• /
• 2021

This study used a preliminary survey to help develop an ergonomic flight jacket that is suitable for the working environment and mission performance. The results are as follows. The ergonomic sleeve pattern was designed with a forward 165° incline that considers a shoulder joint direction suitable for the motion; in addition, a closely design opening provided warmth and safety from fire. As a result of the dimensional suitability, pilots evaluated that sleeve length and total length of the developed flight jacket were a little long (p<.01), while flight engineers and crew evaluated that those of the developed flight jacket were appropriate (p<.01). Pilots evaluated that chest circumference and waist circumference were large (p<.05), while flight engineers and crews evaluated that those of the developed flight jacket were appropriate. The evaluation of the motion suitability indicated that pilots, flight engineers and crew found the developed flight jacket more comfortable than the current flight jacket (p<.05, p<.01, p<.001). The evaluation of the usability of pockets and penholders indicated that pilots, flight engineers and crew found the developed jacket easier to use (p<.01). The flight engineers and crew evaluated that the appearance of the developed flight jacket was better than the current flight jacket (p<.05). The results of this study show that the difference of environment and mission performance has a significant influence on evaluation; therefore, it is necessary to develop separate military uniforms that included a winter flight jacket to reflect the needs of each group.