• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.318-328
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• 2007

Purpose: Because it is important to prevent adolescents from becoming involved in smoking, this study was done to explore important factors influencing cigarette use and the increase in smoking frequency. Method: For this study the Korea Youth Panel Survey (KYPS) was analyzed. Because the KYPS is longitudinal, a fixed effect regression method was used to control for the effects of time-independent factors. More specifically, a logistic regression was used to explore factors affecting cigarette use, and a Poisson regression was used to explore smoking frequency. Result: As the adolescents got older, the number of male adolescents who tried smoking increased, while the number of female adolescents who tried smoking decreased. Also, the frequency of cigarette use among male and female smokers increased over time. Significant factors affecting cigarette use were friends who smoked, delinquent behavior, and loneliness at schools. Important factors affecting the increase in smoking frequency were grade (e.g., the 2nd- and 3rd-year of middle school), friends who smoked, delinquent behavior, monthly pocket money, expectation for the highest level of education, and attack tendency. Conclusions: To solve the problems linked to adolescent smoking, it is critical to develop intervention programs that target specific homogeneous subgroups of smokers, and that take into consideration gender difference in smoking and factors affecting levels of smoking behavior.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.17-33
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• 2004

The present study attempts to examine the progressivity of health care financial sources based on the income approach, for which it decomposes redistributive effects into vertical, horizontal, and re-ranking components. The study data include Korean Household Expenditure Survey (2000) conducted every 5 year by Korea National Statistical Office. The data were sampled from the national population by the multistage probabilistic sampling method, and amounts to 23,270 households. For the better application of the income approach, the study employs household total expenditure in Korea instead of total income, because the former data source is more reliable and less fluctuated over time. Progressivity of health care financing was measured by Kakwani index. Aronson's decomposition equation was used in case of the analysis where differential treatment of health care expenditure needs to be considered. Despite the progressivity of Korea's governmental contributions, total expenditure of health care showed regressive pattern, which may largely be attributable to the higher regressivity in out-of-pocket money. With the result of negative Kakwani index, differential treatment increased income redistribution biased for better-off. It is worth to note that social insurance displays not only negative Kakwani index, but also horizontal inequality, suggesting that the first step of health care financing reform should be the revision of social insurance premium rates toward effective and equable way.

• 한국의료질향상학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.20-30
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• 1996

Background : Theoretically as the waiting-time of patient is estimated in queueing, many men and much money are needed. But being the estimation of patient s waiting-time very important in hospital service, so the continuous monitoring of waiting-time is inevitable. To verify that the estimation of waiting-time using parking time is economical, effective and continuous monitoring method and to develop utilizing the method, this study was done. Method : In parking confirmation office, the personnel of parking office wrote parking confirm time, chart number and whether medical examination and treatment finish or not in parking ticket. The next day the parking tickets were gathered and the above data were input. The input parking data were connected with the hospital outpatient file indexing chart number. Then the patient' s data for department, new patient or not, reservation or not, receipt time and payment time were retrieved. The group for finishing medical treatment were compared with that for not finishing in average time lag between confirmation and out-time for hospital. And In-time for hospital, receipt time, payment and out-time for hospital were also analyzed. Result : Confirming parking ticket, the group for finished medical treatment left hospital after 7 minutes. This result showed that the patient for finished medical treatment left hospital immediately. So parking time was reasonable to estimation of hospital-time was concluded. The time for medical treatment, diagnosis and test was constant for all patients and short for waiting time, Then I concluded that the parking time was reasonable for estimation patient's waiting time. Overall patient's waiting time was 113 minutes and new patient's time was 149 minutes, old patient's times was 109 minutes. Waiting time for reservation patient was 98 minutes and for non reservation patient was 122 minutes. The time from hospital arrival to payment was 50 minutes for the group of reservation patient and 69 minutes for non-reservation group. The time from payment to hospital leaving was 51 minutes and 56 minutes for non reservation group. The short time difference between reserved group and not reserved group from payment to hospital leaving time was due to bottle neck effect. Conclusion : The estimation of patient's waiting time using parking time was reasonable because the possession of car was common and the time for medical treatment was equal and the patient after treatment left hospital immediately. Using this method, timely, fast evaluation and continuous monitoring of the intervention effect were possible.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.209-226
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• 1991

This study aimed at providing the basic data for the measurement of the attitude for socialization of household work by analysis of the attitude for socialization of houselhold work according to demographic variables, the degree of acceptance for living change. This study was composed of the attitude for the socialization of household work was based on time, quality, cost factor. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The attitude for socialization of household work was influenced by sex, age, marriage, sex $\times$ marriage and the degree of acceptance for living change. 2. The variables which affected the attitude for socialization of household work independently had influence on it in the following order : the degree of acceptance for living change, sex, house type. 3. The result of path analysis had confirmed that sex, age, income marriage, house type variable indirectly influenced the attitude for socialization of household work through the degree of acceptance for living change. Sex, and marriage variable directly influenced on the attitude for socialization of household work. Through the this study. The attitude for socialization of houselhold work was influnced by the degree of acceptance for living change. Change of household work is socialization of household work and right attitude to the socialization fof household work is necessary for satisfaction of variouse needs. for saving of time and money through the socialization of household work.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.475-492
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• 2023

This study investigated player responses to microtransactions in freemium Massively multiplayer online roleplaying games (MMORPG), specifically focusing on the game LostArk using English language review data. To this end, structural topic modeling was employed and the following six microtransaction-relevant topics were identified: microtransactions, developer issues, real money trade (RMT), random number generator (RNG) upgrade system, game content, and collectibles & adventure. The first four topics were classified as being "not recommended". However, the proportions of microtransaction-related topics were relatively lower than the other topics. Additionally, this study did not extract keywords related to unfairness and unethical issues in previous microtransaction research. The last two topics, game content, and collectibles & adventure were "recommended" topics, indicating positive functions of microtransactions such as enhancing the game experience by purchasing virtual items. Moreover, it was found that players who do not engage in microtransactions can still be satisfied through continuous game content updates. Additionally, an examination of the interaction effect between time and recommendation status revealed that while the frequency with which the six microtransaction-related topics were mentioned increased over time in the reviews, the ratio of recommendations to non-recommendations varied differently. This study contributes to game-related research by revealing players' authentic opinions on microtransactions in freemium MMORPGs, thereby providing practical implications for game companies.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.39-45
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• 1998

Gas springs have been widely used in motor vehicles as well as in most areas of industry. Instead of coil springs, these gas springs are easily opreated to open(extension process) or close (compression process) the doors because $N_2$ gas with high pressure and oil are charged in tube. Most of manufacturers are using the trial ＆ error method in order to decide its specification(reaction force, damping force), which tends to waste time and money. Therefore, gas springs have been improved by properly changing the control pressure of $N_2$ Gas with its mounting location and weight to maximize its effect and to minimize its space. Although it has been researched on damping structure to minimize impact which is applied to vehicle when its back door is fully opened, the characteristics of damping structure are not known clearly. There(ore, this paper will not only clearly define the effect of important factors(open ＆ close force)for gas springs through theoretical analysis but also provide optimum design specification through development of program to avoid traditional method of specification determination such as the trail It error method which is widely used in whole industries including automotive industry.

• 한국노년학
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.271-290
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• 2018

이 연구는 사회경제적 박탈 경험이 노인의 자살 생각에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 분석 자료는 한국복지패널 9차년도 자료를 사용하였으며, SPSS를 활용하여 빈도분석, 평균차이분석, 상관분석, 로지스틱 회귀분석 등을 실시하였다. 주요 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공적연금을 받지 못했던 경험, 근로능력이 있으나 실업 상태였던 경험, 경제적 어려움으로 균형 있는 식사를 할 수 없었던 경험, 먹을 것이 떨어졌는데도 더 살 돈이 없었던 경험 등의 순으로 박탈 빈도가 높았다. 둘째, 배우자가 없는 경우, 학력과 소득수준이 낮을수록 자살 생각이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 돈이 없어서 본인이나 가족이 병원에 갈수 없었던 경험, 2달 이상 집세가 밀렸거나 집세를 낼 수 없어 집을 옮긴 경험, 먹을 것을 살 돈이 없어 균형 있는 식사를 할 수 없었던 경험, 공과금을 기한 내 납부하지 못한 경험, 근로능력이 있으나 직업을 갖지 못한 경험, 경제적인 어려움 때문에 먹을 것이 떨어졌는데도 더 살 돈이 없었던 경험 등이 노인의 자살 생각에 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과를 토대로 이 논문은 의료급여 사례관리 확대, 노인 주거급여 및 정주 여건 개선, 노인 식생활실태 조사 강화, 노인 공과금 지원 방안 확대 등의 정책 방안을 제시하였다.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2018

Purpose - This work analyzes, in detail, the specification of vector error correction model (VECM) and thus examines the relationships and impact among seven economic variables for USA - balance on current account (BCA), index of stock (STOCK), gross domestic product (GDP), housing price indices (HOUSING), a measure of the money supply that includes total currency as well as large time deposits, institutional money market funds, short-term repurchase agreements and other larger liquid assets (M3), real rate of interest (IR_REAL) and household credits (LOAN). In particular, we search for the main explanatory variables that have an effect on stock and real estate market, respectively and investigate the causal and dynamic associations between them. Research design, data, and methodology - We perform the time series vector error correction model to infer the dynamic relationships among seven variables above. This work employs the conventional augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root techniques to test for stationarity among seven variables under consideration, and Johansen cointegration test to specify the order or the number of cointegration relationship. Granger causality test is exploited to inspect for causal relationship and, at the same time, impulse response function and variance decomposition analysis are checked for both short-run and long-run association among the seven variables by EViews 9.0. The underlying model was analyzed by using 108 realizations from Q1 1990 to Q4 2016 for USA. Results - The results show that all the seven variables for USA have one unit root and they are cointegrated with at most five and three cointegrating equation for USA. The vector error correction model expresses a long-run relationship among variables. Both IR_REAL and M3 may influence real estate market, and GDP does stock market in USA. On the other hand, GDP, IR_REAL, M3, STOCK and LOAN may be considered as causal factors to affect real estate market. Conclusions - The findings indicate that both stock market and real estate market can be modelled as vector error correction specification for USA. In addition, we can detect causal relationships among variables and compare dynamic differences between countries in terms of stock market and real estate market.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.497-503
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• 2020

In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the shallower depth of the earth's crust is composed of loose dune or beach sand with soluble salts. The expansive behavior of salt bearing soil, fluctuation of ground water table and extreme environmental conditions offer a variety of geotechnical problems affecting safety and serviceability of the infrastructure built on it. Despite spending money, time and other resources on repair and rehabilitation, no significant attention is paid to explore the root causes of excessive differential settlement and cracking to these facilities. The scientific solution required to ensure safety and serviceability of the constructed infrastructure is to improve the strength and durability properties of the supporting ground. In this study, shredded plastic is employed as a low cost and locally available additive to improve strength characteristics of the desert sand. The study shows a remarkable increase in the shear strength and normal settlement of the soil. A seven (07) degree increase in angle of internal friction is achieved by adding 0.4 percent of the shredded plastic additive. The effect of different proportions and sizes of the plastic strips is also investigated to obtain optimum values. Such a long-lived solution will seek to reduce maintenance and repair costs of the infrastructure facilities laid on problematic soil along with reduction of environmental pollutants.

• 대한안전경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한안전경영과학회 2005년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.537-557
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• 2005

The estimate on volatility of stock price is related with optimum of portfolio and Important for allocation of capital asset. If the volatility of stock price is varied according to macroeconomic variables on monetary policy and industrial production, it will assist capital asset to allocate. This paper is related with stock market volatilities on macroeconomic variables in U.S. and Europe, Korea. And, it Is pertain to vary in time of this variables. Thus, this paper is related with volatilities of monetary and physical macroeconomic variables on basis of statistics. And, it is ranged front capital investment to portfolio allocation. Also, this paper takes out of sample forecast and study more after this. In case Germany, France, Italy and the Netherlands, the relative importance of monetary policy and Industrial production Is different from these countries. In case Italy and the Netherlands, monetary policy is primary factor at stabilizing for volatility of stock price. In case Korea, increasing monetary policy and industrial production is positively affected stock market. It is that the positive effect of stock price is caused by mollifying monetary policy and economic growth. Specially, this conclusion is similar to US. In Korea, gradual increase in monetary and industrial production is necessary to stability of stock market. It is different to previous results on basis of increasing stock price of money in long period.