• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.139-158
• /
• 2017

CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality Model) simulations were carried out to estimate the potential range of contributions on surface $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations over the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) with the gaseous precursors and Primary Particulate Matters(PPM) available from a recent national emissions inventory. In detail, on top of a base simulation utilizing the 2013 Clean Air Policy Supporting System (CAPSS) emission inventory, a set of Brute Force Method (BFM) simulations after reducing anthropogenic $NO_x$, $SO_2$, $NH_3$, VOCs, and PPM emissions released from area, mobile, and point sources in SMA by 50% were performed in turn. Modeling results show that zero-out contributions(ZOC) of $NH_3$ and PPM emissions from SMA are as high as $4{\sim}5{\mu}g/m^3$ over the region during the modeling period. On the contrary, ZOC of local $NO_x$ and $SO_2$ emissions to SMA $PM_{2.5}$ are less than $1{\mu}g/m^3$. Moreover, model analyses indicate that a wintertime $NO_x$ reduction at least up to 50% increases SMA $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations, probably due to increased HNO3 formation and conversion to aerosols under more abundant ozone and radical conditions after the $NO_x$ reduction. However, a nation-wide $NO_x$ reduction decreased SMA $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations even during winter, which implies that nation-wide reductions would be more effective to curtail SMA $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations than localized efforts.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.137-165
• /
• 1994

Structural adjustment of industry (or industrial restructuring) seems to be inherent in the process of capitalist economic development, which tends to be proceeded with shifts from one stage to another in order to overcome structural crises generated in each stage. The structural adjustment of industry is necessarily accompanied with regional restructuring, since it is not only projected on spece, but also mediated by space. Such a restructuring necessitates industrial and uneven regional devlopment through which capital can seek excessive profits over the rate of socio-spatial average. The industrial restructuring and uneven regional development in the 1980s in Korea can be seen as a process in which capital attempted with a strong support of the govenment to overcome the crises in the end of 1970s and hence to go on rapid economic growth. In this process, capital, especially monopoly capital concentrated into few conglomerates, pursued both extensive expansion and intensive development of industry simultaneously. In results, the Korean economy could eliminate some of peripheral characters and maturate the Fordist accumulation system. The extensive expansion of the Korean industry in the 1980s was stimulated mainly through the enlargement and adjustment of investment for equipment facilities which was planned to exclude or rationalize traditional light industries on some places, and to continue rapid growth of key heavy-chemical industries, especially of fabricated metal industry, on other places. In this process, keeping mainly the existing developmental axis which polarized the Seoul Metroplitan region and the Southeast region in Korea, the enhancing spatial mobiiity of capital and the further differentiating division of labour enforced a tendency of concentration of all types of industry in the Seoul Metropolitan region, and at the same time provoked the diffusion of some industries over Jeolla and Chungchong regions in a considerable extent. The intensive development of industriai structure in the 1980s was pursued through the strategic encouragement of subcontracting small firms mainly which produced assembling components, the technical enhancement and factory (semi-) automation, and the enrichment of service industries for estate management, finance, distribution and retailing which supported and complemented the production of goods. In this process, enabling capital to extend and elaborate its domination over space through the reorganization of regulating systems, the Fordist division of labour generated a socio-spatial hierarchy in the nation-wide scale that characterized: the Seoul Metropolitan region as an overmaturated (or overarching) Fordist region performing the conceptive functions of management, research and development, in which all types of industry (including service industries) tended to be reconcentrated; Kyungsang region as a maturated Fordist region with excutive branches of large conglomerates and with subcontracting firms around them which produced standardized products through the automized production processes in secialized Fordist industries or rationalized traditional industries; and Jeolla and Chungchong regions as newly devloping Fordist regions with newly migrated branches and some subcontracting small firms-in relatively older Fordist industries or partly rationalized traditional industries. From these analyses, it can be argued that the structural adjustment of the Korean industry in the 1980s, which had carried out both through the extensive expansion and the intensive deveiopment, strengthened further uneven regional development process, even though it appears to have reduced apparently the economic and regional disparity by balancing numerically large and small firms and by extending the Fordist industrial space nation-wideiy. And it seems more persuasive to see that the Korean industrial structure in the 1980s maturated the Fordist system of accumulation, but not yet transformed towards the post-Fordist (or the so-called flexible) accumulation system, even though the Korean economy in the 1990s seems to be under a pressure of restructuring towards the latter system.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.48 no.3
• /
• pp.219-224
• /
• 2010

This study has been conducted to estimate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water supplies in the Metropolitan area of Seoul, South Korea, for 10 years from 2000 to 2009. Water samples were collected quarterly at 6 intakes in the Han River and its largest stream and 6 conventional Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) serving drinking water for 10 million people of Seoul. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 22.5% of intake water samples and arithmetic mean was 0.65 oocysts/10 L (range 0-22 oocysts/10 L). Although the annual mean of oocyst number was as low as 0.04-1.90 oocysts/10 L, 3 peaks in 2004 and 2007 were observed and the pollution level was a little higher in winter. The lowest density was observed at Paldang intake and the pollution level increased at Kuui and Jayang intakes. At the end of the largest stream, oocysts were found in 70% of collected samples (mean 5.71 oocysts/10 L) and it seemed that its joining the Han River resulted in the increase at Kuui intake and downstream. Oocyst removal by physical process exceeded 2.0-2.3 log and then all finished water samples collected at 6 WTPs were negative for Cryptosporidium in each 100 L sample for 10 years. These results suggested that domestic wastewater from the urban region could be a source of Cryptosporidium pollution and separating sewage systems adjacent to the intakes could be meaningful for some intakes having weakness related to parasitological water quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.10-18
• /
• 2004

The urban ecosystem, unlike the natural ecosystem, has been affected by the urban environment, so the existences of normal creatures have been threatened and eventually the stability has declined to consist of those that have adapted to such. Therefore, by creating a list of such organisms, their number of variety can be found out and their ecological distinction can be understood. Because flora is known to be an ecological index reflecting region's effects of human and societal environments, weather, and climates, it is a useful method of finding out the ecological position and distinctiveness of that region. The study site is part of watershed at Yangjae Stream, Kahngnam-ku, Seoul. In this study, the difference of flora in each land use type are investigated by plant identification. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the city's plant surviving environment, and eventually to contribute to the restoration of urban green spaces by finding out the plants which are appropriate for the corresponding environment. After doing the study, it was found that the urban forest is the most stable urban ecosystem while the urban park is seriously disturbed, and ecologically unstable. The urban stream is also disturbed continuously.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.519-547
• /
• 2017

This paper explores whether it is better to forecast city gas demand in Korea using national level data directly or, alternatively, construct forecasts from regional demand models and then aggregate these regional forecasts. In the regional model, we consider gas demand for Seoul metropolitan and the other local areas. Our forecast evaluation exercise for 2013-2016 shows the regional forecast model generally outperforms the national forecasting model. This result comes from the fact that the dynamic properties of each region's gas demands can be better taken into account in the regional demand model. More specifically, the share of residential gas demand in the Seoul metropolitan area is above 50%, and subsequently this demand is heavily influenced by temperature fluctuations. Conversely, the dominant portion of regional gas demand is due to industrial gas consumption. Moreover, electricity is regarded as a substitute for city gas in the residential sector, and industrial gas competes with certain oil products. Our empirical results show that a regional demand forecast model can be an effective alternative to the demand model based on nation-wide gas consumption and that regional information about gas demand is also useful for analyzing sectoral gas consumption.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.127-141
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this paper is to present an informatization stratagem for a balanced development around the whole country by employing Regional Information Index. In order to demonstrate the region information level by applying the factor analysis in the study, it has been divided into three catagories, such as the generation of information, the distribution of information, and the consumption of information. According to the empirical analysis between 1985 and 1995, the regional differences of the levels of the consumption and the distribution of information have been reduced gradually. On the other hand, the generation of information is significantly concentrated around Seoul Metropolitan Area. Therefore, strategic efforts providing information infrastructures as well as introducing information industries associated with informatization will guarantee a balanced development around the country.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.19-29
• /
• 1991

This second stage study on the Wild and Scenic Rivers System is a proposal for system disignation. Study area is the part of the Han River flowing through the Seoul Metropolitan Region. Consequently, developpment pressure and demand for recreational land uses along the river are very high, and that is why the Wild and Scenic rivers System is urgently needed for the Han River among other major rivers of the nation. Resource inventory and assessment followed the process developed in the first stage study. Figure-4 shows the proposed Wild and Scenic Rivers System designation, Also proposed are manage-ment guidelines and legal, organizational arrangement.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
• /
• 2007.10a
• /
• pp.430-433
• /
• 2007

Spatial information has recently been recognized as one of the major subjects of interest in information technology. With increasing variety and quantity of spatial data on the web, searching and maintaining these data are becoming a much focussed area of research. Interoperability is the key technology in solving the complexities of spatial data in web services. The problem of maintenance and searching of spatial data in an interoperable web service environment can be solved by establishing standardized metadata of spatial information. Then using the standardized metadata, catalog web services can be deployed for autonomous searching and binding of spatial data. This study investigates the international standard for spatial data metadata(ISO/TC211 19115) and deployed catalog web service based on this metadata. Various heterogeneous spatial data of Seoul Metropolitan region were then used for experimental implementation of catalog web service.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2008.07a
• /
• pp.307-308
• /
• 2008

This paper presents the effects of operating Backup Dispatch Center as a System Dispatch Center(SDC). SDC operates the 154kV transmission lines outside of Seoul metropolitan area, and acts as the backup dispatch center in case of central dispatch center's failure. With SDC, it became possible not only to divide operation of Korean transmission lines to separate control centers according to voltage and region, but to clear faults faster and more accurately. It has paved the way to improve power system reliability and advance the power system operation in general.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
• /
• v.44 no.4
• /
• pp.79-108
• /
• 2022

This study examines the impact of sentiment shock, which is defined as a stochastic innovation to the Housing Market Confidence Index (HMCI) that is orthogonal to past housing price changes, on aggregate housing price changes and housing price volatility. This paper documents empirical evidence that sentiment shock has a statistically significant relationship with Korea's aggregate housing price changes. Specifically, the key findings show that an increase in sentiment shock predicts a rise in the aggregate housing price and a drop in its volatility at the national level. For the Seoul Metropolitan Region (SMR), this study also suggests that sentiment shock is positively associated with one-month-ahead aggregate housing price changes, whereas an increase in sentiment volatility tends to increase housing price volatility as well. In addition, the out-of-sample forecasting exercises conducted here reveal that the prediction model endowed with sentiment shock and sentiment volatility outperforms other competing prediction models.