• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.305-311
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• 2018

The yellow crystalline material present in yellow and green glass beads excavated from sites in the Baekje region of Korea was previously analyzed through scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, revealing that the yellow crystalline material was $PbSnO_3$. This material is a pigment that is rarely seen in the Korean peninsula. Furthermore, some studies have been published on the provenance of lead in this material, which revealed no relationship to Korea, China, or Japan. In this study, we collected all accessible results of analyses on the lead isotope ratio of yellow and green glass beads excavated from the Korean peninsula, specifically from 7 sites in the Baekje region(located in the vicinity of Seoul, Wanju, Hwaseong, Osan, Gongju, Buyeo, and Iksan) and 2 sites in the Silla region(located in the vicinity of Gyeongju and Changnyeong). We subsequently investigated the lead provenance of the opacifying agents in the glass beads through comparison with the current extent of the galena data accumulated for the East Asian region, including Korea, China, and Japan, and for Thailand(Kanchanaburi Province), Southeast Asia. Our analysis determined that the lead provenance of the glass beads excavated from the Korean peninsula was Thailand(Kanchanaburi Province). Beyond our results, further studies should seek to determine the production sites of the glass beads. Obtaining and comparing the scientific analyses of glass beads from India and Southeast Asia would enable research on the glass beads trade through the maritime silk road.

• Atmosphere
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.159-171
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• 2014

This study investigated the temporal and spatial characteristics of summertime (June-August) precipitation over Korean peninsula, using Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA)is Automated Synoptic Observing System (ASOS) data for the period of 1973-2010 and Automatic Weather System (AWS) data for the period of 1998-2010.The authors looked through climatological features of the summertime precipitation, then examined the degree of locality of the precipitation, and probable precipitation amount and its return period of 100 years (i.e., an extreme precipitation event). The amount of monthly total precipitation showed increasing trends for all the summer months during the investigated 38-year period. In particular, the increasing trends were more significant for the months of July and August. The increasing trend of July was seen to be more attributable to the increase of precipitation intensity than that of frequency, while the increasing trend of August was seen to be played more importantly by the increase of the precipitation frequency. The e-folding distance, which is calculated using the correlation of the precipitation at the reference station with those at all other stations, revealed that it is August that has the highest locality of hourly precipitation, indicating higher potential of localized heavy rainfall in August compared to other summer months. More localized precipitation was observed over the western parts of the Korean peninsula where terrain is relatively smooth. Using the 38-years long series of maximum daily and hourly precipitation as input for FARD2006 (Frequency Analysis of Rainfall Data Program 2006), it was revealed that precipitation events with either 360 mm $day^{-1}$ or 80 mm $h^{-1}$ can occur with the return period of 100 years over the Korean Peninsula.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1053-1062
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• 2013

The shortwave aerosol direct radiative forcing (SWARF) was analyzed using the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) data in the East Asian region from 2001 to 2010. In the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula, located in the leeward side of China, significantly negative high SWARF at the top of atmosphere (TOA) occurs due to the long-range transport of anthropogenic (e.g. sulphate) and natural aerosols (e.g. mineral dust) from the East Asian continent. Conversely, eastern China has much higher levels of SWARF at the surface (SFC) due to anthropogenically emitted aerosol than in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula. Since the radiative forcing of aerosols in the atmosphere are different in type, aerosol types were classified into sea salt+sulphate, smoke, sulphate and dust by using satellite data. The analysis on the SWARF by the classified aerosol types indicated that sulphate occupies a predominant portion of the atmosphere in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula in the summer. In particular, the annual averages of the summer TOA SWARF increased in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula from 2001 to 2010.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.84-105
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• 2020

This paper is designed to deal with the gaps and differences between the two Koreas, which have gradually increased since the Korean War. The purpose of this study, in particular, is to assess the digital and AI gap between the two parts of the peninsula in the emerging 4^th industrial revolution era that is rapidly innovating the industrial structures, and to present a cooperation plan for the realization of a peace economy and economic prosperity of the Korean Peninsula in the future. In this study, policy alternatives for assessing and bridging the digital gap between South and North were drawn using the comprehensive policy (model) for closing the digital divide, which was one of Korea's past informatization policies. The derived alternatives are meaningful in that they can spark discussions for building the AI-driven society that realizes the integrated economy of the two Koreas complying with the future industrial structure.

• Atmosphere
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.169-182
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• 2009

To improve the performance of climate and numerical models, concerns on the land-atmosphere schemes are steadily increased in recent years. For the realistic calculation of land-atmosphere interaction, a land surface information of high quality is strongly required. In this study, a new land cover map over the Korean peninsula was developed using MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. The seven phenological data set (maximum, minimum, amplitude, average, growing period, growing and shedding rate) derived from 15-day normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used as a basic input data. The ISOData (Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis), a kind of unsupervised non-hierarchical clustering method, was applied to the seven phenological data set. After the clustering, assignment of land cover type to the each cluster was performed according to the phenological characteristics of each land cover defined by USGS (US. Geological Survey). Most of the Korean peninsula are occupied by deciduous broadleaf forest (46.5%), mixed forest (15.6%), and dryland crop (13%). Whereas, the dominant land cover types are very diverse in South-Korea: evergreen needleleaf forest (29.9%), mixed forest (26.6%), deciduous broadleaf forest (16.2%), irrigated crop (12.6%), and dryland crop (10.7%). The 38 in-situ observation data-base over South-Korea, Environment Geographic Information System and Google-earth are used in the validation of the new land cover map. In general, the new land cover map over the Korean peninsula seems to be better classified compared to the USGS land cover map, especially for the Savanna in the USGS land cover map.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2007

This paper investigated the relationship between El $Ni\widetilde{n}o-Southern$ Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode events and the impacts of these two phenomena on the climate, temperature and precipitation, of the Korean Peninsula. Data gathered from 1954 to 2004 were used for analysis, which included NINO 3 index, IOD index, and monthly mean precipitation and temperature at eleven locations in Korea. Statistical results showed that the IOD and ENSO were significantly correlated in Spring and Fall. It was clearly shown that the distribution of the sea surface temperature in the Indian Ocean has seen the Southern and Northern Oscillation in El $Ni\widetilde{n}o$ year, and Eastern and Western in IOD year. On the other hand, in El $Ni\widetilde{n}o$ you, the mean temperature of the Korea Peninsula was lower than normal in Summer and higher in Winter and its precipitation was more than normal in both Summer and Winter. However, significant correlation was not found in IOD year. In addition, the global atmospheric circulations during the major IOD years are less influential, unlike those of El $Ni\widetilde{n}o$ events.

• Strategy21
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• s.41
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• pp.30-51
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• 2017

Neighboring powers in the Korean Peninsula have started to develop and operate aircraft carriers or equivalent forces to cope with rising North Korean nuclear and missile threats and also to show its national might. For example, the United States has added a aircraft carrier from the 3rd fleet to western pacific theater of operation, while Peoples Republic of China is undergoing operational test of Liaoning as well as preparing for christening of its 2nd aircraft carrier. Japan is flexing its muscle as well by deploying Izumo capable of operating F-35B to Southeast Asia to participate in multilateral exercises starting this year. It is a high time to know more about aircraft carriers or similar types in terms of maritime strategy and history. The U.S. has had by far the vast amount of experiences in utilizing aircraft carrier that it would be beneficial for us to examine U.S. perspectives and its application in the Korean Peninsula. It will provide us with insights to understand and predict what it would be like in times of crisis in the Korean Peninsula in the perspective of aircraft carrier's involvement. This paper intends to show some aspects of future conflicts in the Korean Peninsula and how the ROK Navy can best be ready for such situation. For research purpose, U.S. maritime strategy has been developed in stages ; establishment phase, WWI phase, WWII phase, Cold war phase, post Cold war phase. Each phase includes such factors as threats, strategic concept, applications, and ways to improve maritime strategy. Finally, the role of aircraft carrier based on past history as well as future conflict shines the importance to have power projection capabilities for the ROK Navy. The intrinsic nature of the navy in the world is to project power ashore just as history proved it.

• Atmosphere
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.119-133
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• 2022

From 2015 to 2021, high-concentration fine dust episodes with a daily average PM_2.5 concentration of 50 ㎍ m^-3 or higher were selected and classified into 3 types [long range transport (LRT), mixed (MIX) and Local emission and stagnant (LES)] using synoptic chart and backward trajectory analysis. And relationships between the fine particle data (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentration and PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio) and meteorological data (PBLH, Ta, WS, U-wind, and Rainfall) were analyzed using hourly observation for the classification episodes on the Korean Peninsula and the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA). In LRT, relatively large particles such as dust are usually included, and in LES, fine particle is abundant. In the Korean peninsula, the rainfall was relatively increased centered on the middle and western coasts in MIX and LES. In the SMA, wind speed was rather strong in LRT and weak in LES. In LRT, rainfall was centered in Seoul, and in MIX and LES, rainfall appeared around Seoul. However, when the dust cases were excluded, the difference between the LRT and other types of air quality was decreased, but the meteorological variables (Ta, RH, Pa, PBLH, etc.) were further strengthened. In the case of the Korean Peninsula, it is difficult to find a clear relationship because regional influences (topographical elevation, cities and coasts, etc.) are complexly included in a rather wide area. In the SMA, it is analyzed that the effects of urbanization such as the urban heat island centered on Seoul coincide with the sea and land winds, resulting in a combination of high concentrations and meteorological phenomena.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.243-255
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• 1991

The vegetation of haenam peninsula(126 30e.l. and 34 30n.l ) was investigated from July, 1990 to 1991. the units of vegetatin were classified by the phytosociological method of broun- blanquet's. the forest vegetation was classified into 7 communities, sasa borealis-quercus acuta, cinnamomum japonicum, camellia japonica, rhododendron mucronulatum-pinus thunbergii, pinus densiflora community, torreya nucifera, chamaecyparis obtusa afforestatio, and the actual vegetation map was drawn in 1 : 50,00 scaie.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.885-897
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• 2009

In order to make sure the impact of spatial resolution of wind energy map on the estimation of wind power density in the Korean Peninsula, the comparison studies on the characteristics of wind energy map with three different spatial resolutions were carried out. Numerical model used in the establishment of wind map is MM5 (5th generation Mesoscale Model) with RBAPS (Regional Data Assimilation and Prediction System) as initial and boundary data. Analyzed Period are four months (March, August, October, and December), which are representative of four seasons. Since high spatial resolution of wind map make the undulation of topography be clear, wind pattern in high resolution wind map is correspond well with topography pattern and maximum value of wind speed is also increase. Indication of island and mountains in wind energy map depends on the its spatial resolution, so wind patterns in Heuksan island and Jiri mountains are clearly different in high and low resolutions. And area averaged power density can be changed by estimation method of wind speed for unit area in the numerical model and by treatment of air density. Therefore the studiable resolution for the topography should be evaluated and set before the estimation of wind resources in the Korean Peninsula.