• BMB Reports
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• v.43 no.9
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• pp.629-634
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• 2010

Endotoxin including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) confers organ tolerance against subsequent challenge by ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) insult. The mechanisms underlying this powerful adaptive defense remain to be defined. Therefore, in this study we attempted to determine whether nitric oxide (NO) and its associated enzymes, inducible NOS (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS, a constitutive NOS), are associated with LPS-induced renal tolerance against I/R injury, using iNOS (iNOS knock-out) or eNOS (eNOS knock-out) gene-deleted mice. A systemic low dose of LPS pretreatment protected kidney against I/R injury. LPS treatment increased the activity and expression of iNOS, but not eNOS, in kidney tissue. LPS pretreatment in iNOS, but not eNOS, knock-out mice did not protect kidney against I/R injury. In conclusion, the kidney tolerance to I/R injury conferred by pretreatment with LPS is mediated by increased expression and activation of iNOS.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.70-78
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• 2012

In order to calculate the ecological carrying capacity of Donggung and Wolji, Gyeongju, the number and time for various activities of tourists were surveyed and then the injury tolerance on lawns was predicted with seven types of various activities. According to the injury tolerance in various activities for the suitable carrying capacity, the normal carrying capacity and the limited carrying capacity were explicitly determined in four lawns. According to the number and time for various activities, the injury tolerance of various activities was predicted in four lawns, and the highest average injury tolerance was 2.15 in walking, the lowest average injury tolerance was 0.05 in lying. The highest injury tolerance was 1.31 in lawn 4, and then the order was 0.97 in lawn 3, 0.91 in lawn1, and 0.70 in lawn 2. The ecological carrying capacity was predicted with a damaged area according to the injury tolerance of various activities. The suitable carrying capacity was done separately to 40 persons, 249 persons, 107 persons, 37 persons, the limited carrying capacity was 116, 713, 306, 107 respectively and the normal carrying capacity was 75, 463, 198, 69 in four lawns. When managed in Donggung and Wolji, Gyeongju, the number of tourists was under the limited carrying capacity, the conformation would grow better.

• International Journal of Safety
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2007

Operation of human-centered robot, in general, facilitates the creation of new process that may potentially harm the human operators. Design of safety-guaranteed operation of human-centered robots is, therefore, important since it determines the ultimate outcomes of operations involving safety of human operators. This study discusses the application of geometric tolerance and head injury criteria to safety assessment of human-centered robotic operations. Examples show that extending "Work Area" has more significant effect on the uncertainty in safety than extending the system range in the presence of velocity control.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 2015

Cool-season turfgrass is a rapidly increasing of usage for the revegetation of waterside slopes in dams, lakes and rivers. The purpose of this research is to identify the flooding tolerance of cool-season turfgrass with respect to the flooding periods of 0(control), 2, 4 and 6 days, respectively. The surface coverage ratio, turfgrass injury and soil moisture content were measured to assess the flooding tolerance of cool-season turfgrass. The increase in the flooding periods with 4 and 6 days resulted in the lower surface coverage ratio for cool-season turfgrass while no significant difference was found in the 2 days flooding when compared to 0 day (the control plot) flooding plot. In case of the turfgrass injury and the soil moisture content, however, the higher values were found with the increase of flooding periods in 2, 4 to 6 days. We observed that the higher the turfgrass injury and soil moisture content increased, the lower the surface covrage ratio decreased. In these regards, we also observed that the tolerance of cool season turfgrass were high in the 2 days flooding condition, medium in the 4 days flooding condition and low in the 6 days flooding condition. The flooding tolerance of cool-season turfgrass was gradually weakened in over 2 days flooding periods due to $O_2$ deficiency in the anaerobic soil condition. Therefore, we could suggest cool-season turfgrass within 2 days flooding periods for the revegetation of waterside slopes in dams, lakes and rivers.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.479-487
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the phytoprotective effects of uniconazole on $SO_2$ injury in P. occidentalis. The detoxification role of free radical scavengers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) was also examined under the conditions of combined treatment with uniconazole and diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC). Uniconazole drenching significantly reduced the occurrence of visible injuries. Though shoot length, leaf area, and T/R rate were greatly decreased by uniconazole application, the tolerance to $SO_2$ was enhanced through increased chlorophyll content and activities of SOD and POD. Spray of DDTC decreased the activity of SOD and POD resulting in the increase of visible injury. Plant tolerance to $SO_2$ induced by uniconazole application was reduced by the additional application of DDTC. These results indicate that plant tolerance to $SO_2$ induced by uniconazole is associated with the reduction of vegetative growth as well as the increase in free radical scavengers such as SOD and POD.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.43-48
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• 2014

The flexible pedestrian legform impactor(Flex-PLI) consisting of a flexible femur and tibia will be tested for pedestrian protection by global technical regulation(GTR) within the next couple of years as a replacement for the existing transport research laboratory(TRL) legform impactor. In this study, a computer aided engineering(CAE) model was used to perform the effect analysis of each injury with regard to the changes in tolerance factors with the baseline results without tolerance. The tolerance factors were the height of impactor from ground reference line, initial velocity of impactor and rotation of impactor.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

In recent years, with continuous research efforts targeted at studying the effects of pre- and after-treatment of inhaled anesthetics, significant progress has been made regarding the common clinical use of low concentrations of inhaled sevoflurane and its effect on induced central ischemia tolerance by pre- and post-treatment. In this study, we collected, analyzed, classified, and summarized recent literature regarding the effect of sevoflurane on central ischemia tolerance and its related mechanisms. In addition, we provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application of sevoflurane to protect the central nervous system and other important organs against ischemic injury.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.101-110
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• 1994

A field study was carried out to investigate the visual injury of zoysiagrass and creeping bentgrass by the application of various herbicides the result were as follows. 1. Trifluralin + benefin and dithiopyr did not injure creeping bentgrass and zoysiagrass. 2. Creeping bentgrass was safe while zoysiagrass was slightly injured within acceptable level with benefin. 3. Oryzalin caused injury both on creeping bentgrass and zoysiagrass. However, the injury of zoysigrass was within acceptable level while the injury of creeping bentgrass increased without acceptable level when applied at>5kg/ha. 4. Creeping bentgrass was tolerant to pendimethalin only when treated at<3.4kg/ha whereas zoysiagrass was tolerant regardless of rate. 5. Creeping bentgrass treated with fenoxaprop, oxadiazon, and bensulide were severely injured. However, turfgrasses treated with bensulide recovered rapidly when compared with fenoxaprop and oxadiazon. 6. Zoysiagrass treated with 2,4-D, dicambe, bentazon was safe when applied at mid summer.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.516-526
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• 2003

Thirty-six barley varieties including Korean modern and local varieties were tested for drought-tolerance in the field of plastic rain shelter, Drought treatment was initiated at initial tillering stage (March 27, 2002) by withholding irrigation and lasted until harvest. Soil water potential maintained at around -0.05㎫ in the control plot and varied from -0.05㎫ (at the initial stage of drought treatment) to -0.29㎫ in the drought treatment plot. At forty days after drought treatment, relative water content (RWC), osmotic potential (OP), osmotic adjustment (OA), and $^{13}\textrm{C}$ discrimination ($\Delta$) were measured and then plants were sampled for leaf area index (LAI) and dry weight (DW). Barley was harvested at maturity for determining DW, grain yield, 1000 grains weight and number of spikelet. The tested varieties revealed wide spectrum of drought tolerance. Dongbori-1, Chalbori, Changyeongjaerae, Samdobori and Weolseong 87-31 showed strong drought-tolerance while Songhagbori and Suwonmaeg360 showed weak drought-tolerance. The drought injury indexes (drought/control ratio) of DW and yield revealed significant positive correlation with leaf RWC in drought treatment plot and $\Delta$ in the control plot, but obvious negative correlation with leaf OP and OA under drought condition. In addition, all the drought indexes of OP, $\Delta$ and RWC showed obvious positive correlation with the drought injury indexes of DW, 1000 grain weight and yield. Thus, OP and RWC under drought condition and $\Delta$ under well-watered condition would be used as the evaluation criteria for drought- tolerance of barley genotypes. However, further investigation is needed for the relationship between $\Delta$ and drought-tolerance as the other reports were not consistent with our result.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.339-343
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• 2000

When plants are exposed to subfreezing temperatures ice crystals are forming within extracelluar space in leaves. The growth of ice crystal is closely related to the degree of freezing injury. It was shown that an antifreeze protein binds to an ice nucleator through hydrogen bonds to prevent growth of ice crystal and also reduces freezing damage. The antifreeze proteins in plants are similar to PR proteins but only the PR proteins induced upon cold acclimation were shown to have dual functions in antifreezing as well as antifungal activities. Three of the genes encoded for CLP, GLP, and TLP were isolated from barley and Kentucky bluegrass based on amino acid sequence revealed after purification and low temperature-inducibility as shown in analysis of the protein. The deduced amino acid of the genes cloned showed a signal for secretion into extracellular space where the antifreezing activity sup-posed to work. The western analysis using the antisera raised against the antifreeze proteins showed a positive correlation between the amount of the protein and the level of freeze tolerance among different cultivars of barely. Besides it was revealed that TLP is responsible for a freeze tolerance induced by a treatment of trinexapac ethyl in Kentucky bluegrass. Analysis of an overwintering wild rice, Oryza rufipogon also showed that an acquisition of freeze tolerance relied on accumulation of the protein similar to CLP. The more direct evidence for the role of CLP in freeze tolerance was made with the analysis of the transgenic tobacco showing extracellular accumulation of CLP and enhanced freeze tolerance measured by amount of ion leakage and rate of photosynthetic electron transport upon freezing. These antifreeze proteins genes will be good candidates for transformation into crops such as lettuce and strawberry to develop into the new crops capable of freeze-storage and such as rose and grape to enhance a freeze tolerance for a safe survival during winter.