• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1996.06c
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• pp.263-269
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• 1996

In indian agricultural , the energy use pattern has played dominant role in influencing the level of mechanization . Besides that the agro-climatic factors as well as the size of holdings do affect the degree of mechanization . Nearly 30 percent of total cultivated area is owned by l76 percent of the small and tiny land holders each owning even less than a hectare. On the other hand, about 2 percent of land owners cultivate land. These variabilitieshave greatly influenced the ownership of power sources on Indian farms. Small farmers, employ human and animal energies with the use of hand tools and animal drawn equipments. Whereases, the use of tractors, power tillers, electric motors, etc. on small farms is on a marginal scale. There are few pockets and also extensive wheat growing regions where mechanical and electrical power sources are extensively used in production agriculture leading to about 185% of cropping intensity . In that region, the animal energy is employed for on the farm transport of fertilizers, fodders and fuel to support milch animals and other household activities . Inspite of high degree of mechanization, the harvesting of crops is done by human labour with few exceptions of harvesting wheat crops by combines in few pockets. In overall assessment of mechanization, the following conclusions are drawn : ⅰ) Farm operation which show a growing trend of mechanization are (a) tillge, (b) seedling (c) Irrigation (d) Plant protection application (e) Threshing and (f) Transport . ⅱ) Crop cultivation system in respect of wheat, maize and sorghum have been greatly mechanized. ⅲ) The least mechanized cropping systems are (a) vegetable production and (b) cultivation of sugarcane, cotton, rice and pulses. ⅳ) Annual production of tractor has touched the figure of 280.000 by 1995 and the total number has crossed 1.5million on Indian farms.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.283-291
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• 2014

To study the distribution characteristics of diatom communities in relation to the gradient of water quality and land-use, water samples and epilithic diatoms were collected from 90 sites including mainstream and tributaries, in the Geum River System (GRS) during no rainfall, May 2011. Of 239 taxa identified, Achnanthes convergens and Cymbella minuta were dominated over all the sites. Cluster analysis on the GRS divided into three groups. Group 1 (G1) is the mountainous upstream, a relatively good water quality, and mainly consisted of saproxenous species. Group 2 (G2) is the urban sites, polluted (high in electric conductivity, total phosphate and soluble reactive phosphorus), and saproxenous and common species. Group 3 (G3) is the agriculture sites, and polluted (turbidity, total nitrogen, nitrate), and saprophilous species. There were some discrepancies between abiotic and biotic variables in GRS; biologically similar between G1 and G2, but abiotically similar between G2 and G3. These differences may attribute to not only physiological characteristics of diatom cells, but complicate relationships between microhabitat and water quality. Thus, an urgent development of generalized or standardized methods to diminish the differences between epilithic diatom community and environments is advent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 1999

This study is providing Modified DRASTIC Model to which lineament density and land use are added as additional factors using geographic infomation system(GIS). and then to evaluate groundwater contamination potential of Pyungtek-Gun area in Kyunggi-Do. In this study. the reason for using additional factors is because. in case of lineament density. when we consider that most of aquifer is bedrock aquifer in hydrogeologic environment of the Korea, lineament is very important to flow of groundwater and contamination material. and because land use can reflect indirectly impact of point or non_point source in study area. For statistical analysis. vector coverage per each factor is converted to grid layer and after each correlation coefficient between factors, covariance, variance. eigenvalue and eigenvector by principal component analysis of 3 direction. are calculated. correlation between factors is analyzed. Also after correlation coefficients between general DRASTIC layer and rated lineament density layer and between general DRASTIC layer and rated land use layer are calculated. final modified DRASTIC Model is constructed by using them with each weighting. when modified DRASTIC Model was compared with general DRASTIC Model, comtamination potential in modified DRASTIC Model is fairly detailed and consequently. vulnerable area which has high contamination potential could be presented concretly.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.282-289
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• 2023

Background: As wildlife habitats are being destroyed and growth environments are changing, the survival of animals and plants is under threat. Epilobium hirsutum L., a species that inhabits wetlands, has held legally protected status since 2012. However, no specific measures are currently in place to protect its habitat, leading to a decline in remaining populations as a result of land use change and human activities. Results: The growth environment (including location, climate, land use, soil, and vegetation) of the five habitat sites (Samcheok, Taebaek1, Taebaek2, Cheongsong, Ulleung) of E. hirsutum L. was investigated and analyzed. These habitats were predominantly situated in flat areas with gentle south-facing slopes, at an average altitude of 452.7 m (8-726 m) above sea level in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do. The average annual temperature ranged 11.5℃ (9.2℃-12.9℃), whereas the average annual precipitation ranged 1,304.5 mm (1,062.7-1,590.7 mm). The surrounding land use status was mainly characterized by mountainous areas, and human interference, such as agricultural land and roads, was commonly found in proximity to these natural habitats. Soil physicochemical analysis revealed that the soil was predominantly sandy loam with a slightly high sand content. The average pH measured 7.64, indicating an alkaline environment, and electrical conductivity (EC) averaged 0.33 dS/m. Organic matter (OM) content averaged 66.44 g/kg, available phosphoric acid (P₂O₅) content averaged 115.73 mg/kg, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) averaged 23.43 cmolc/kg. The exchangeable cations ranged 0.09-0.43 cmol⁺/kg for potassium (K), 10.23-16.21 cmol⁺/kg for calcium (Ca), 0.67-4.94 cmol⁺/kg for magnesium (Mg), and 0.05-0.74 cmol⁺/kg for sodium (Na). The vegetation type was categorized as E. hirsutum community with high numbers of E. hirsutum L., Persicaria thunbergii (Siebold & Zucc.) H. Gross, Phragmites japonica Steud., Humulus japonicus (Siebold & Zucc.), and Bidens frondosa L.. An ecological flora analysis, including the proportion of lianas, naturalized plants, and annual herbaceous plants, revealed that the native habitat of E. hirsutum L. was ecologically unstable. Conclusions: Analysis of the habitat of E. hirsutum L., a class II endangered wildlife species, provided essential data for local conservation and restoration efforts.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.653-664
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• 2010

The land surface reflectance is a key parameter influencing the climate near the surface. Therefore, it must be determined with sufficient accuracy for climate change research. In particular, the characteristics of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) when using earth observation system (EOS) are important for normalizing the reflected solar radiation from the earth's surface. Also, wide swath satellites like SPOT/VGT (VEGETATION) permit sufficient angular sampling, but high resolution satellites are impossible to obtain sufficient angular sampling over a pixel during short period because of their narrow swath scanning. This gives a difficulty to BRDF model based reflectance normalization of high resolution satellites. The principal objective of the study is to add BRDF modeling of high resolution satellites and to supply insufficient angular sampling through identifying BRDF components from SPOT/VGT. This study is performed as the preliminary data for apply to high-resolution satellite. The study provides surface parameters by eliminating BRD effect when calculated biophysical index of plant by BRDF model. We use semi-empirical BRDF model to identify the BRD components. This study uses SPOT/VGT satellite data acquired in the S1 (daily) data. Modeled reflectance values show a good agreement with measured reflectance values from SPOT satellite. This study analyzes BRD effect components by using the NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and the angle components such as solar zenith angle, satellite zenith angle and relative azimuth angle. Geometric scattering kernel mainly depends on the azimuth angle variation and volumetric scattering kernel is less dependent on the azimuth angle variation. Also, forest from land cover shows the wider distribution of value than cropland, overall tendency is similar. Forest shows relatively larger value of geometric term ($K_1{\cdot}f_1$) than cropland, When performed comparison between cropland and forest. Angle and NDVI value are closely related.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.903-916
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• 2012

We need to use aesthetic landscape assessment(ALA) as the means of riparian buffer zone(RBZ) management. This study verified the political validity of designation policy of RBZ and land purchase policy. The purpose of this study was to propose RBZ landscape management strategies through ALA of RBZ in Gyeongan Stream for the better attractive and healthy riparian landscapes. The natural type landscape units(LUs) covered 40.9% of the entire area and the cultivated land type LUs covered 20.58%. Landscape assessment consisted of landscape quality and landscape integration assessment. The criteria for assessing landscape quality(LQ) were naturalness, interest, uniqueness, and landscape function. LQ was ranked into five grades using a matrix. The landscape integration assessment consisted of an inner integration assessment in each LU and outer integration assessment among LUs. To review the propriety of designating the riparian area and the riparian ecological belt, differences in ecological appraisal and aesthetic valuation were reviewed through a t-test, Oneway ANOVA, and logistic analysis. The results of ALA, 29.15% of the entire area scored at grade 1 in LQ, while 31.95% scored at grade 5, indicating that grade 5 areas occupied a high share. Surveyed areas were divided into designated RBZ and undesignated RBZ. Results indicated that designated RBZ scored grade 1 in LQ took up 33.2% of the total, significantly higher than the 23.3% taken up by undesignated RBZ. When examined according to buffer distance, grade 1 areas within 50m took up 50.2% of the total area, lower than the 32.7% at buffer distances of 500m-1km. Results indicated a 1% statistically significant difference. Accordingly, analysis was undertaken for the expansion of designation of the riparian area and the selection of appropriate land for formation of a riparian ecological belt, and was designated at priority 1 and 2 for land purchase. This study can also contribute to the formation of a riverine eco-belt through discovery of design factors for upgrading the ecology, aesthetics, and landscape of the riparian area and application in determining land purchase priorities.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.179-191
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to employ a method called 'conflict impact assessment' to analyze the progress, background, cause and relevant issues of conflicts related with affordable housing for youth (Happiness Housing Project), a project that has been implemented since last May 2013, thereby identifying the relevant problems and draw out objectives for improvement. The researchers expect that this study will contribute to solving the current issues regarding Happiness Housing, and contribute to improving the quality of the government's policies. For the above purpose, literatures on Happiness Housing produced from August to November 2013 were reviewed, in-depth telephone or face-to-face interviews were conducted with personnel associated with project implementation in the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation and LH, etc., and major interested parties including Yangcheon-gu residents. Key issues identified regarding Happiness Housing construction include: the way that the project was implemented, living quality of residents, impact on educational environment, inconsistence with existing plans, relatively high construction cost, insolvency of public corporations, land use fee issue with Korail, need of preliminary feasibility survey, securing sufficient amount for supply and issue of additional designation, likelihood of finishing construction in time and issues related with actual source of demand, etc. Through analysis of conflict development and positions of interested parties, the main causes of the conflicts were identified as follows: lack of deliberation on pledges during election, lack of viability review on pledges, lack of conflict management plans, one-way implementation without consent of interested parties, project plans established with no regard to local circumstances, frequent project revision, underwehlming level of conflict management. In order to address issues above, the following measures need to be taken: selecting election pledges based on actual effectiveness, thorough assessment on pledges by relevant departments, gradual implementation based on consideration of the actual circumstances, participation of key interested parties, consistent policy and adopting conflict management techniques that reflect the reality.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.47-54
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• 2009

This study was conducted to consider the characteristics of PM10(particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 ${\mu}m$) concentration according to land-use in Busan coastal area. Fine particle is affected by emissions, geographical conditions and meteorological factors. In case industrial area, Gamjeondong(inland) PM10 concentration was higher than Noksandong(seashore) at all season except for Summer. Primary peak at Gamjeondong cleared than Noksandong in Fall and Winter. In case green area, Daejeodong(inland) PM10 concentration was higher than Dongsamdong(seashore) at all seasons. In case commercial area, primary peak occurrence time at Jeonpodong lagged one hour according to season and diurnal change of PM10 concentration at Gwangbokdong was higher than Jeonpodong in Spring. In case residential area, high PM10 concentration(80~90 ${\mu}g/m^3$) lasted for six hours during the daytime in Spring at Deogcheondong and Yongsuri(inland).

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.762-776
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• 2013

Load duration curve was applied to determine important water quality parameter control term for improvement of Paldang lake water quality. Load duration curve was analyzed with long term data from 1985 to 2012 including water quality, flow rate and climate state of Paldang water environment. From the result of flow rate patterns of paldang lake, differences between high and low flow rate of each year showed tendency of increase because rainfall characteristics of paldang lake watershed were changed by climate exchange. Both of land use state of upper Paldang lake watershed and number of limit excess from load duration curve indicated that seasonal action related with land use such as agricultural fertilizer distribution in upper watershed affected Paldang lake water quality. So focused BOD (biological oxygen demand) management during spring season from march to June is required to control organic materials in Paldand lake. The main affecting factor of TOC (total organic carbon) increase in Paldang lake was initial rainfall after march. T-N (total nitrogen) kept increasing during research period, so enhancement of T-N standard is needed to T-N control. Initial rainfall and increase of temperature during spring season from March to June showed a positive correlation with TP (total phosphorus) and Chl-a, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.135-147
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• 2008

One of the efforts both to prevent urban sprawling development patterns and to promote use of public transportation is known as Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), including such planning elements as the density and diversity of land use and pedestrian-friendly urban design around a transit center. The aim of this study is thus to conduct impact analyses of TOD planning elements on transit ridership in the Seoul rail station areas. First, the authors investigate and draw out various actual elements of TOD planning by using GIS-based data and Smart Card data. Then the authors analyze impacts of TOD planning elements on transit ridership for the Seoul rail station areas. After condensing 34 variables presumably influencing transit ridership into seven factors by using factor analyses, the study utilizes multiple regression modeling methods to identify their impacts on transit ridership. The analysis results demonstrate that transit ridership tends to increase more in rail station areas where there is a non-residential high density, mixed use of land and narrow and small-size road network patterns. The implementation of TODs should be a useful method in inducing a Transit-Oriented City through redevelopment and new development.