• 한국사회정책
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.197-221
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• 2013

2008년 세계 경제위기는 유럽 경제에 악영향을 미쳤는데, 특히 남유럽 국가의 피해가 컸다. 이탈리아의 정책결정자들에게는 경제위기가 오래 전부터 실행되었어야 할 복지 예산 삭감 정책을 추구할 수 있는 논리적인 계기가 되었다. 따라서 2011~2012년에 몬티정부는 신자유주의적인 재정긴축 정책들을 펼쳤다. 일반적으로 대륙유럽의 비스마르크 복지국가들은 개혁하기에 어렵기 때문에, 이탈리아에서 진행 중인 신자유주의적인 개혁을 이해하려면 이론적인 틀이 필요하다. 본 연구는 Sabatier(1988)의 ACF이론을 참고하여 2008년 경제위기 이후의 이탈리아 사회정책 개혁의 논리를 이해하고자 한다. 연구를 통해, 복지 삭감을 설명하는 데에 있어서 경제위기와 유럽연합의 역할 등 외부적인 영향들이 상당히 중요했으며, 정책결정과정에 있어서는 시민사회의 역할이 축소된 결과로 높은 실업률 등의 사회문제가 악화되고 있는 것을 알 수 있다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.3-26
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• 2010

환경 문제에 있어서 세계의 리더로서 앞 서 가는 구주연합(EU)은 2012년 1월 1일부터 EU 역.내외 항공기를 막론하고 EU 회원국 영토를 출발하고 도착하는 모든 항공기 운항자에 대하여 이들 항공기 엔진에서 배출되는 이산화탄소의 배출량을 규제하는 법 Directive 2008/101/EC를 2008년 제정, 공포하였다. 이에 따라 대한항공과 아시아나를 포함하여 EU를 운항하는 많은 EU 역외 항공사들은 지난 2004-2006년 3년간 연 평균 배출량의 97%만을 2012년 배출하고 2013년부터는 95%만을 배출 허용 받으며 부족한 배출량은 배출권 거래 시장에서 구입하여 충당하여야 한다. 상기 EU 조치는 다음과 같은 법적 문제를 야기한다. 첫째, EU의 법은 범 세계적 환경조약인 교토의정서가 선진국 그룹인 기후변화협약의 Annex I 국가에게만 이산화탄소 등 지구온난화가스 배출을 감축토록 한 것에 반한다. 교토의정서 제2조 2항은 지구온난화가스 감축에 있어서 항공기 배출에 관련한 체제를 ICAO를 통하여 해결하도록 위임하였는데 지역 기구인 EU가 이를 자체 지역에만 적용하기 위하여 작성한 것도 문제이다. 둘째, 역외 항공사들이 EU로 운항하는 데에 있어서 공해와 제3국의 상공을 비행하는데 EU 역내 비행에서 이루어지지 않는 여사한 비행 중 발생하는 배출을 어떤 근거로 EU가 규제할 수 있는가이다. 셋째, EU 회원국들이 Annex I 국가로서 교토의정서 상 항공기의 국내운항 배출에 대하여서는 2012년까지 이미 배출 감축의무를 지고 있음을 감안할 때, 2012년부터 시행되는 항공기 배출 감축 조치에 non-Annex I 국가의 항공 운항자를 끌어들이면서 EU 항공사들이 적어도 2012년에는 예상치 않은 이득을 얻는다는 문제도 발생한다. 과거 유사한 EU 주도의 환경관련 국제 분쟁을 살펴본 후, 상기 EU 조치를 국제법적으로 조명하고 결론에서 EU의 조치에 대한 국내적 대처를 간략기술하였다.

• 분석과 대안
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.5-31
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• 2024

The US-led and European partners supporting liberal international order has dwindled. A number of research has been conducted to explore reasons, starting point, the possibility of resurrection, and even the future scenarios of the international order. This is particularly important for the EU, in that the EU was built for a world that is peaceful, multilateral and driven by compromise inseparable from the liberal international order. The current situation of the crisis in the international order is also important to emerging powers notably China and Russia which seek for a new order best suitable for their own interests. In this sense, this paper explains the significance of the liberal international order to the EU, the necessity of salvaging an order or creating a new order, and important variables - elections held in 2024 across the EU, in the European Parliament, and the US, Russia's invasion of Ukraine, trans-atlantic partnership and EU-China relations - which possibly affect the EU to establish a new European order. In fact, the EU is unlikely to take the lead in forming a new international order. Nonetheless, the first task the EU should do is to acknowledge the crisis situation at present and to make a decision of the EU's position and role regarding saved, reformed or newly shaped order.

• 한국환경생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경생태학회 2003년도 추계학술논문발표회 논문집
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• pp.31-53
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• 2003

• 통상정보연구
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.77-109
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to review the current trend of FDIs by Korean companies into EU, and to present the optimal strategies for them to combine their firm-specific factors and FDI attractiveness of the regions in EU. The companies are divided into two categories, SMEs and large enterprises. The regions of EU are composed of 15 incumbent members before the fifth enlargement in 2004 and 12 new members. Large Korean companies tend to make large investments in 15 incumbent members with stable and mature markets. Korean SMEs, by contrast, mainly invest on small scales in the new members due to the lack of their available inner resources and knowledge for the markets. The main objects of the investments in EU by the large Korean companies are to gain more market share and to acquire the advanced technologies. Although such goals are also important for the SMEs, the most important objects for the investments by Korean SMEs in EU are usually to enter EU markets and to take advantage of the relatively cheap labor forces for the efficient operations. The effects of such passive strategies by the SMEs, however, are expected to extinct because the cost advantages in regions of the new EU members will not last in the long term, so the SMEs must take longer views for the choice of locations. Many empirical results suggest that the optimal FDI strategies for the Korean companies in EU could be worked mainly by more aggressive localization policy of companies and by the cooperations of SMEs and large enterprises for the reduction in costs of foreignness.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제54권
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• pp.261-282
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• 2012

The European Union (EU) has introduced the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) as one of the key policies to reduce the level of greenhouse gas emissions and in July 2008, they decided to include aviation in the scheme. As soon as the decision was announced the EU ETS was met by sharp opposition from world governments and international aviation. A group of US airlines, in particular, dropped a lawsuit against the British government over aviation's inclusion in the EU ETS. On 21 December, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ruled that aviation's inclusion in the EU ETS which covers all flights arriving into and departing from the EU is legal and does not contravene international law. The scheme eventually came into effect on 1 January 2012. However, most countries are in opposition to the EU ETS and have agreed on counter-measures to undermine the EU's plan which may bring chaos to the aviation industry if such measures were to put into practice. This study therefore will analyze the likely effects that may be brought to the Korean aviation industry as a result of the inclusion of aviation in the EU ETS. Further, it hopes to contribute to the Korean aviation industry by studying other countries' counter-measures in advance.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.39-66
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• 2022

Modern Bulgarian nationalists aspired towards incorporating the self-identified Bulgarian lands into the Bulgarian state. The Treaty of San Stefano ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 tantalizingly achieved these so-called national ideals. Great Power diplomacy quickly diminished Bulgaria's borders and international legal status with the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, exacerbating nationalist grievances. Bulgaria would expand vast resources to restore the San Stefano borders until Balkan Communist authoritarian regimes eventually suppressed the Macedonian issue as a foreign policy subject. Sofia's policy towards its neighbor has been overdetermined by the efforts of successive Bulgarian governments to institutionalize post-communist Bulgaria's own national identity. Bulgaria's integration into so-called Euro-Atlantic structures, i.e., NATO and the EU, had been the primary strategic objective of the Bulgarian authorities since the end of the Zhivkov regime. North Atlantic community security policy aims in response to the earliest post-Cold War foreign policy crises in the Western Balkans framed the parameters of Bulgarian diplomacy. The stabilization of FYROM in 2001, followed by Bulgaria's 2007 EU accession, led to Bulgarian nationalist values become more salient in Bulgarian politics and foreign policy. Sofia-Skopje relations are a test case for the effects of Europeanization on interdependent Balkan ethno-sectarian nationalisms and state territorial institutional development.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.171-176
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• 2023

What we have in common worldwide today is economic difficulties due to high inflation and uncertainty in the financial industry. The root cause of this is the war between Russia and Ukraine. The war between Russia and Ukraine is not simply a war between two countries. The United States and the European Union are providing military aid such as missiles to Ukraine, and Russia is attacking Ukraine by introducing UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) from Iran. A prominent weapon in this Russia-Ukraine war is the UAVs used in Russia. It is predicted that the form of war using UAVs will gradually expand in the future based on stealth. In addition, UAVs will continue to be used due to the fact that they can cause serious damage to the other country without harming their own lives, and because they have good cost-effectiveness. In this study, UAVs based on autonomous driving were studied. The target countries of the study include the United States, the European Union, China, and Iran, and the UAVs used in these countries have characteristics that can represent the world. In this study, the main specifications of major UAVs in use in major countries were investigated. In addition, the future technology and development direction were described through specifications and characteristics of UAVs currently in operation in major countries.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.61-80
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• 2009

Information and Communication Technology is now widely accepted by developing countries as a development tool in their efforts to alleviate poverty, enhance human development, and achieve Millennium Development Goals. Recognizing this untapped potential and development strategies incorporating ICT are being increasingly promoted and launched across the developing countries requiring a comprehensive ICT policy that plays a crucial rule, in particular, in the area of agriculture and rural development. While the potential advantages of ICT for development are enormous in developed countries, national policies of developing countries are yet to adequately reflect truly comprehensive and integrated strategies for harnessing and exploiting this potential. This paper tries to provide implication of ICT policy to the agriculture and rural development in developing countries, in particular through lessons learned from European Union (EU) IT policy. Through the examination of vital projects in the agriculture and rural development sectors and case study analysis of applied policies and strategies implemented in the European Union, this paper provides tangible examples and lessons for policy-makers and practitioners involved in the field. Hence, this study provides policy-makers the necessary tools, information and knowledge to facilitate the formulation and adoption of ICT policies and strategies in the agriculture and rural development sector.

• International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.79-99
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• 2022

South Korea is at an important juncture in its history to decide whether to continue its investment to become a first-mover of artificial intelligence (A.I.) platform technology or stay as a fast follower. This paper compares South Korea's A.I. platform capacity to that of the United States, China and the European Union by reviewing publicly opened documents and reports on AI platform strategies and policies using the three elements of the national innovation capacity: common innovation infrastructure, cluster-specific conditions, and quality of linkages. This paper found three major areas the South Korean government can focus on in the A.I. platform industry. First, South Korea needs to increase its investment in the A.I. field and expand its public-private collaboration activities. Second, unlike the U.S. and the U.K., South Korea lacks data protection policies. Third, South Korea needs to build a high-performance system and environment to experiment with artificial intelligence technology and big data.