• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.980-986
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• 2002

Purpose : Although the number of patients with measles have dramatically decreased since the introduction of measles vaccines in 1965, measles outbreaks have occurred periodically every 4-6 years during the 1990s(1989-1990 and 1993-1994). During 2000-2001, measles prevailed all over the country again. A characteristic of current epidemics is that the majority of affected population was infants and school-aged children. This study was designed to analyze the epidemic and clinical features of measles prevalence during 2000-2001 and to find ways to overcome vaccination failure. Methods : We reviewed the records of 59 patients with mealses admitted in the Pediatric Department of Pusan National University Hospital from January 2000 to October 2001 for patient's age, month of admission, history of vaccination, clinical features and complications. Antibody titers of measles-specific IgM and IgG were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Results : The epidemic show two peaks in the age distribution. Forty three patients(72.9%) were under 2-years of age and 14 patients(23.7%) were over 5-years of age. Outbreaks had high incidence in July to August, 2000 and March to April, 2001, then faded away after July, 2001. Vaccinated group comprised 30.5% and unvaccinated group comprised 69.5% and their mean age was $9.25{\pm}4.27$ years old and $0.95{\pm}0.30$ years old respectively. Positive rate of IgM was 86.7% in vaccinated group and 90.3% in unvaccinated group. This means there was primary vaccine failure; 13 cases of 15 vaccinated patients were positive in IgM antibody. During the prevalence, two patients died with mealses complication. One of them was immunocompromised. Conclusion : To prevent another prevalence of measles in the future, we must enhance revaccination at ages 4-6 and check vaccination status when children enter elementary school. These will produce over 95% of herd immunity, with catch-up MMR vaccination which has been completed already.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.9
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• pp.1012-1017
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• 2008

Purpose : This study aimed to assess the mechanical properties of the abdominal aorta in school-aged patients treated for Kawasaki disease and in normal, healthy children. Methods : This study examined 28 children with Kawasaki disease who had been followed up on and 30 healthy subjects of the same age and gender. We recorded systolic (Ps) and diastolic (Pd) blood pressure values and the aortic diameter at both minimum diastolic (Dd) and maximum systolic (Ds) expansion using two-dimensional echocardiography. These measurements were used to determine 1) aortic strain: S=(Ds-Dd)/Dd; 2) pressure strain elastic modulus: Ep=(Ps-Pd)/S; and 3) normalized Ep: $Ep^*=Ep/Pd$. Results : Ep (P=0.008) and $Ep^*$ (P=0.043) of the Kawasaki disease group were relatively high compared to those of the control group. Ep (P=0.002) and $Ep^*$ (P=0.015) of patients with coronary aneurysm were also relatively high compared with those of patients without coronary aneurysm, but lipid profiles did not differ, except for homocysteine (P=0.008). Therefore, in patients with coronary aneurysm, aortic stiffness was higher, compared to not only the control group but also patients without coronary aneurysm. However, in patients without coronary aneurysm, aortic stiffness was not significant, different compared to the control group. Conclusion : Measuring aortic distensibility may be helpful in assessing the risk of early atheroscletic change in the long-term management of Kawasaki disease.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.94-107
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• 2000

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to know the clinical manifestations and the severity of adenoviral lower respiratory tract infections(LRTI) in Korean children. Methods : Adenoviral respiratory infection was diagnosed by viral culture in HEp-2 cell and indirect immunofluorescent technique with nasal aspirates. Isolated adenoviruses were typed by neutralization test. Retrospective chart review was done in patients with adenoviruses were typed by neutralization test. Retrospective chart review was done in patients with adenoviral lower respiratory tract infection, who were brought to Seoul National University Children's Hospital from November 1990 through February 1998. Results : Adenovirus was isolated in 87 cases. Of 84 cases serotyped, type 1 was recovered in 3 cases, type 2 in 13 cases, type 3 in 13, type 4 and 5 in 4 cases each other, type 6 in 1 cases, type 7 in 36 cases, type 11 in 1 case and the other types in 9 cases. Adenoviral lower respiratory infection occurred sporadically throughout the year but from November 1995 through February 1998, an outbreak of adenovirus type 7 lower respiratory infection was observed in number upto 36 case. The incidence of adenoviral infection peaked in young children between 6 months and 5 years of age and the mean age was 1 year 11 months old. There were 10 cases of mixed infection with another pathogen. Clinical diagnosis were pneumonia(88%), acute broncholitis(5.4%), acute tracheobronchitis(5.4%), croup(1.3%). The clinical features of adenoviral lower respiratory infection were severe especially in type 3 and 7 infections in aspect of fever duration, ventilator care. Extrapulmonary manifestations were gastrointestinal symptoms in 23 cases(31%), hepatomegaly in 36 cases(53%), seizure and mental alteration in 13 cases(20.3%). In chest radiographic findings, parahilar and peribronchial infiltration were in 49 cases(67%), hyperaeration in 21 cases(29%), atelectasis in 14 cases(19%), consolidation in 39 cases(53%) and bilateral pneumonic infiltration in 28 cases(38%). Among thirty six adenovirus type 7 LRTI, 15 patients(41.6%) had pleural effusion and 3 patients had chest tube insertion. Number of fetal cases related to adenovirus were 9 cases(12%) and fetal cases due to ventilatory failure were 7(11%). Conclusion : During 7 year period of studying adenoviral lower respiratory infection, we identified the serotypes of adenovirus. Among the serotypes, adenovirus type 7 were epidemically isolated. Adenovirus were isolated in severe lower respiratory infection of young children aged between 6 months and 5 years and related to death of the patients, especially when the patients had underlyng diseases or were infected by adenovirus type 7.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.120-128
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• 2000

Purpose : Active immunization against hepatitis A with an inactivated vaccine reveals excellent immunogenicity, tolerability and protective efficacy. Inactivated hepatitis A vaccines have been selectively used since 1996 in Korea to prevent hepatitis A. This study was performed to assess the immunogenicity and reactogenicity after two doses of HM175 strain hepatitis A vaccine in healthy Korean children. Methods : 128 healthy children(M/F; 65/63) aged 1 to 15 years, who were seronegative for hepaitatis A, participated in this study. A alum-adsorbed vaccine containing 720 EL.U of antigen form HM175 hepatitis A strain per 0.5 mL dose was injected intramuscularly on the deltoid area. The second dose was given 6 months later, Anti-HAV antibodies were measured by ELISA before and 1 month after each vaccination to assess the immunogenicity. Any local and general adverse events were reported by patients parents with the prepared questionnaire after each vaccination. Results : 120 volunteers(M/F; 60/60) completed the whole series of the study. Seroconversion occurred in all cases after primary and booster vaccination. The mean anti-HAV antibody titer after primary vaccination was 389.2mIU/mL, and 3,609mIU/mL after booster vaccination. And levels of anti-HAV antibodies after booster immunization were significantly higher in female children. The most common local adverse event was soreness on the injection site, but it was mild and resolves within 3 days. Fever was not reported after booster vaccination. Conclusion : Based on these data, we conclude that the inactivated HM175 strain hepatitis A vaccine is highly immunogenic and tolerable in healthy Korean children.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.194-201
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• 2016

Purpose: Monitoring pneumococcal carriage rates is important. We developed and evaluated the accuracy of a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol for the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methods: In October 2014, 157 nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from patients aged <18 years admitted to Chung-Ang University Hospital. We developed and evaluated a real-time PCR method for detecting S. pneumoniae by comparing culture findings with the results of the real-time PCR using genomic DNA (gDNA). Of 157 samples, 20 specimens were analyzed in order to compare the results of cultures, real-time PCR, and real-time RT-PCR. Results: The concordance rate between culture findings and the results of real-time PCR was 0.922 (P<0.01, Fisher exact test). The 133 culture-negative samples were confirmed to be negative for S. pneumoniae using real-time PCR. Of the remaining 24 culture-positive samples, 21 were identified as S. pneumonia -positive using real-time PCR. The results of real-time RT-PCR and real-time PCR from 20 specimens were consistent with culture findings for all S. pneumoniae -positive samples except one. Culture and real-time RT-PCR required 26.5 and 4.5 hours to perform, respectively. Conclusions: This study established a real-time RT-PCR method for the detection of pneumococcal carriage in the nasopharynx. Real-time RT-PCR is an accurate, convenient, and time-saving method; therefore, it may be useful for collecting epidemiologic data regarding pneumococcal carriage in children.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2003

Purpose : Iron deficiency is still the most common nutrient deficient disorder despite the improvement in general health and nutrition. This study is designed to evaluate the dietary history of infants and young children with iron deficiency anemia(IDA) and the effects of nutritional counseling. Methods : This study was conducted on 120 children from 6 to 36 months of age with IDA. Their parents completed a questionnaire and took counsel for nutrition. IDA was defined as Hb <11.0 g/dL, ferritin <10 ng.mL or transferrin saturation <15%, or Hb increase >1 g/dL after iron preparation. The questionnaire consisted of their feeding patterns, weaning time and kinds of food. Results : In the 120 infants and young children aged from 6 to 36 months, the parents of 82 cases was counseled about nutrition. Fifty six infants among 82 cases have started weaning and the main foods of weaning were rice and/or rice gruel. Nutritional problems in weaning were that some children over one year of age were using a bottle, and parents restricted weaning food at will because of allergic disease or chronic disease. Most parents were satisfied with the nutritional counseling given from a clinical dietitian and showed good compliance. Conclusion : Many infants and young children with IDA were provided with non iron-fortified foods and made an inadequate wean. Most parents were satisfied with the nutritional counseling and showed good compliance. The need of dietary counseling was required for prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia because of inadequate weaning.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.184-189
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• 2010

Purpose : Pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) occurs rarely in children, but its incidences are increasing due to frequent antibiotic use. We investigated the incidence and clinical characteristics of PMC accompanied by bacterial enteritis-like symptoms in children. Methods : Between November 2003 and July 2007 at the Department of Pediatrics, Dongsan Medical Center, we analyzed the medical records of consecutive patients who received antibiotics in the past 1 month, developed bacterial enteritis-like symptoms, and were diagnosed with PMC based on sigmoidoscopy examination and histological findings. Results : Among 22 patients who underwent sigmoidoscopy and biopsy examinations, 11 (50%) were diagnosed with PMC. These 11 patients were aged 2 months-12 years, among whom 5 patients (45.5%) were less than 1 year old. The clinical symptoms were bloody diarrhea (28.6%), abdominal pain or colic (28.6%), watery or mucoid diarrhea (23.8%), vomiting (9.5%), and fever (9.5%). The antibiotics used were penicillins (55.6%), macrolides (27.8%), cephalosporins (11.1%), and aminoglycosides (5.6%). The period of antibiotic use was 3-14 days. The interval between the initial antibiotic exposure and the onset of symptoms was 5-21 days. The results of stool examination of all patients were negative for Clostridium difficile toxin A. Patient distribution according to the degree of PMC was as follows: grade I, 18.2% (2 cases); grade II, 27.3% (3); grade III, 36.4% (4); and grade IV, 18.2% (2). PMC did not recur in any case.Conclusion : PMC is not a rare disease in children. If pediatric patients receiving antibiotics manifest symptoms like bacterial enteritis, PMC should be suspected. Endoscopy and biopsy should be applied as aggressive diagnostic approaches to detect this condition.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.507-518
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the association of food security with the total and individual flavonoid intakes among Korean adults. Methods: Study subjects were 13,454 men and 19,563 women aged 19 years and older who participated in the 2007~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects were classified into food-secure and food-insecure groups using the answers to a self-reported question on food sufficiency of subjects' household. The total and individual flavonoid intakes were calculated by linking 24-h dietary recall data of subjects with a flavonoid database. Mean differences in dietary outcomes by food security status, and major food sources of total flavonoids were examined. Results: In this cross-sectional study, 5.8% of male adults and 6.6% of female adults were in food insecure households. Mean daily intakes of total flavonoids, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, isoflavones, and proanthocyanidins were significantly lower in food-insecure groups than food-secure groups among both male and female adults. The differences were maintained in total flavonoids, flavones, flavanones, and flavan-3-ols after adjusting for total energy intake. Mean intakes of fruits and vegetables were significantly lower in food-insecure groups and the total flavonoid intake from fruits and vegetables was also significantly lower in food-insecure groups. The major food sources of total flavonoids were apples (20.7%), mandarines (12.0%), and tofu (11.5%) in the food-secure group, and apples (14.9%), tofu (13.3%), and mandarines (12.6%) in the food-insecure group. Conclusion: This study showed that food insecurity was associated with lower intakes of flavonoids and reduced intakes of fruits and vegetables in a representative Korean population.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1982

A survey was carried out to determine the nutritional status of rural elderly. Determination was made on 50 persons, aged 60 years and over, in the rural area of Paltan-myeon, Hwaseong-kun, Kyeonggi province from June 1 to August 20, 1980. Grains provided 82$\sim$85% of total energy input most nutrient intake was from vegetable foods. Daily energy intake was not sufficient as 77.2$\sim$89.8% of RDA. The energy input percentage of carbohydrate: fat: protein was 79 : 10 : 11. showing higher dependance on carbohydrate. The protein intake only met 53.7$\sim$65.3% % of RDA. The contribution of animal proteins to total protein was only 12.2$\sim$12.4%, far below the recommended allowance. Both calcium and iron was insufficiently ingested as 40.6$\sim$55.7% and 72.0$\sim$92.0% of RDA, respectively. The intake of vitamin A and ascorbic acid almost reached RDA whereas the intake of thimin, riboflavin and niacin was not sufficient as 63.0$\sim$97.0%, 51.0$\sim$58.5% and 59.1$\sim$83.9% of RDA, respectively. 32% of the subjects were higher blood pressure than 160/95 mmHg proven to be hypertension. The correlation coefficients between clinical sign score, index of appetite, balance of meal and nutrient intake were significant. (P<0.05)

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.49-58
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• 1989

For the effective utilization of anchovy as a food source, this work was undertaken the com-parison in food quality of anchovy snacks and its changes during storage at room temperature ($24\pm4^{\circ}C$). Chopped anchovy was mixed with soft flour($340.0\%$, w/w), corn starch($10.0\%$, w/w), sodium chloride($2.5\%$, w/w), monosodium glutamate($0.1\%$, w/w), sodium bicarbonate ($2.5\%$, w/w), water($5.6\%$, w/w), onion powder($0.3\%$, w/w), garlic powder($0.3\%$, w/w), red pepper powder($0.3\%$, w/w) and sodium erythorbate($0.2\%$, w/w), The mixture were rolled, aged, co沇ed, dried and finally parched or deep-fried at $190\pm10^{\circ}C$. The anchovy snacks were packed in the casted polypropylene film bag ($16cm{\times}14cm$), The changes in moisture contents, water activity, pH, volatile basic nitrogen, contents of amino acid and color values of products were negligible during storage. The results of TBA value and peroxide value showed that lipid oxidation can be retarded by adding antioxidant and spices. Judging from contents of amino acid and mineral, the products were more nutritive than the sold shrimp snack on the market. From the results of sensory evaluation and chemical experiments, the product prepared with sodium erythorbate could be preserved in good quality during storage of 120 days.