• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.47-56
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• 2008

Temporal changes of metal solubility have been repeatedly observed in soils equilibrated with metal salt solutions. This phenomenon is known as aging, yet factors that affect the degree of metal aging remain largely unexamined. In this study, we compared the extent of aging on metal partitioning depending on soil, metal, and metal loading. Five soils spiked with four levels of Cd (2.5-20 mg ${kg}^{-1}$), Cu, and Zn (50-400 mg ${kg}^{-1}$) salt solutions were aged in the laboratory up to 1 year. The partitioning coefficient ($K_d$) of each metal was calculated from the ratio of total to dissolved metal concentration in samples collected at times ranging from 1 day to 1 year. The highest $K_d$ values for Cd, Cu and Zn were recorded in a Histosol, Andisol, and fine-textured Alfisol, respectively, whereas the lowest $K_d$ was recorded for an Oxisol and coarsetextured Alfisol. For all soils, a pattern of increasing Kd with aging was evident for Cd and Zn, but not Cu. Rapid Cu sorption was limited when dissolved organic matter was high in soils. In highly-retentive soils, $K_d$ values seemed to be insensitive to metal loading, although a longer period was required for the higher metal loadings to reach the same degree of metal aging as the lower loadings. In soils with low sorption capacity, the $K_d$ values were determined more by metal loading than by aging. Therefore, marked differences can be expected in the degree of metal aging in spiked soils by the soil type, metal and amount of metal added.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.111-124
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• 2016

Purpose: The current study was conducted for evaluation and comparison of dietary behavior and food intake in different regions of Lao PDR. Methods: The survey was conducted on 979 people aged 40~59 years old living in 25 urban provinces and 25 rural provinces in four districts (VTE Capital-Chanthabuly, Xaysetha, VTE Province-Phonhong, and Thoulakhom) of Laos. General demographic information, health status, and dietary behavior were surveyed using a questionnaire. Results: The literacy ratio (p = 0.000), education level (p = 0.000), asset ownership level (p = 0.000), and government and private employee ratio (p = 0.000) were higher in urban subjects compared with rural subjects. The mean value of weight (p = 0.000), waist circumference (p = 0.000), and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.009) and alcohol consumption (p = 0.000), self-rated health status (p = 0.001), and the rate of obesity (p = 0.000) were significantly higher in urban subjects compared with rural subjects. However, the rate of current smoker was significantly higher in the rural group (p = 0.023). Meals are becoming more westernized by higher frequency of eating out, consumption of fatty meat and fried or stir-fried food in urban areas compared to rural areas. Urban subjects had relatively better balanced meals compared to rural subjects whereas they consumed insufficient meals per day and consumed meals irregularly compared to rural subjects. Intake of fruit and milk was significantly higher in urban subjects compared with rural subjects. However, the intake of vegetables was significantly higher in rural areas than urban areas. Conclusion: The result of this study showed that the traditional Lao diet is being replaced by an unhealthy western dietary pattern, which may be a risk factor for increasing development of non-communicable disease (NCD) in Lao PDR. Planning of proper personalized nutritional intervention and education in each area is needed to decrease the health risks of NCD.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.7459-7466
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• 2013

Background: Some 60 years after introduction of the Papanicolaou smear worldwide, cervical cancer remains a burden in developing countries where >85% of world new cases and deaths occur, suggesting a failure to establish comprehensive cervical-cancer control programs. Effective interventions are available to control cervical cancer but are not all affordable in low-income settings. Disease awareness saves lives by risk-reduction as witnessed in reducing mortality of HIV/AIDS and smoking-related cancers. Subjects and Methods: We initiated a community-based awareness program on cervical cancer in two low-income Muslim Uyghur townships in Kashi (Kashgar) Prefecture, Xinjiang, China in 2008. The education involved more than 5,000 women from two rural townships and awareness was then evaluated in 2010 and 2011, respectively, using a questionnaire with 10 basic knowledge questions on cervical cancer. Demographic information was also collected and included in an EpiData database. A 10-point scoring system was used to score the awareness. Results: The effectiveness and feasibility of the program were evaluated among 4,475 women aged 19-70 years, of whom >92% lived on/below US$1.00/day. Women without prior education showed a poor average awareness rate of 6.4% (164/2,559). A onetime education intervention, however, sharply raised the awareness rate by 4-fold to 25.5% (493/1,916). Importantly, low income and illiteracy were two reliable factors affecting awareness before or after education intervention. Conclusions: Education intervention can significantly raise the awareness of cervical cancer in low-income women. Economic development and compulsory education are two important solutions in raising general disease awareness. We propose that implementing community-based awareness programs against cervical cancer is realistic, locally affordable and sustainable in low-income countries, which may save many lives over time and, importantly, will facilitate the integration of comprehensive programs when feasible. In this context, adopting this strategy may provide one good example of how to achieve "good health at low cost".

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.647-656
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• 2017

Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between vitamin D level and dyslipidemia in Korean adults aged 19 years and older. The data for analysis were obtained from the sixth Korea National Health Nutrition Examination Survey 2013 and 2014. Result: This study showed that 74.4% of the specified adult population had vitamin D deficiency. Moreover, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was found to be 39.6% in the same population. Dyslipidemia differed significantly according to gender (p<0.001), age (p<0.001), smoking status (p<0.001), subjective health status (p<0.001), BMI (p<0.001), blood pressure (p<0.001), FBS (p<0.001), physical activity (p<0.001), and vitamin D level (p<0.001). When vitamin D deficiency was less than 20.0 ng/mL, there was a significant risk of dyslipidemia with an odds ratio of 1.29 (95% Cl, 1.11-1.51). The relationship between vitamin D level and a diagnosis index of dyslipidemia with controlled status of physical activity was statistically significant; in Korean adults, the odds ratio for total cholesterol was 1.41 (95% CI, 1.04-1.81) and for triglyceride was 1.36 (95% CI, 1.11-1.66). Conclusion: Our results showed the relationship between vitamin D level and dyslipidemia was significant in Korean adults, and total cholesterol and triglycerides, which are indicators of dyslipidemia, was significant. Future studies, such as a more systematic cohort study investigating the relationship between vitamin D level and dyslipidemia may be helpful in confirming the causal relationship between vitamin D and dyslipidemia.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.301-314
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• 1999

To evaluate the ischemic heart disease risk factors and analysis on the its relationship between risk factors and ischemic heart disease on EKG findings in a rural area, We conducted cross-sectional health screening test for 1304 persons aged over 30 years. Blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, BMI and Waist/hip ratio, smoking data and EKG data were collected. Hypertension was classified by the sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure and the cutpoints of hyperlipidemia was used National Cholesterol Education Program. The cutpoint of hyperglycemia was used National Diabetes Data Group and those for obese was 30%. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Prevalence of definitive hypertension was 41.2% in males and 41.6% in females. The prevalence of hypertension showed Increasing tendency according to age increase(p<0.05). 2. Prevalence of hyperlipidemia was 20.6% in males and 20.4% in female. In females prevalence of hyperlipidemia showed increasing tendency according to age increase(p<0.001). 3. Prevalence of obese was 23.4% in males and 28.8% in females. Upper body type was predominant in females, but lower body type was predominant in males. 4. Prevalence of hyperglycemia was 11.0% in males and 12.1% in females. The prevalence of hyperglycemia showed increasing tendency according to age increase(p<0.01). 5. The smoking rate was 63.7% in males and 2.6% in females. 6. On the EKG findings, the prevalence of myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction was 6.7% in males and 7.5% in females. 7. The prevalence of Ischemic heart disease was higher in hypertension than normal in females and higher in obese than normal in males. In males and females the prevalence of ischemic heart disease was higher in hyperglycemia than normal and higher in upper body type than lower body type. But there is no statistical association among them.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.215-221
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to test whether metric measurements of crown length, root length and apex width during tooth development could be a better basis for correlation with age than the classical methods based on subjective estimations of various stages of tooth development. Panoramic radiographs of 120 children, aged 7 to 9 years, were collected from the department of the pediatric dentistry of Chonnam National University Hospital, Korea. The methods of Mornstad was used to estimate age. The structures measured were crown length root length and apex width in panoramic radiographic. The results were as follows : 1. In the boys, it showed higher correlation between lower 2nd molar crown length, lower 1st molar root length or lower 1st permolar apical width and age. In the girls, it showed higher correlation between lower 2nd premolar crown length, lower 2nd molar root length or lower 1st molar apical width and age. 2. With the aid of a multiple regression model, a linear relationship between some of these distances and age was shown. Boy(months) = 43.958 + lower 2nd molar crown length ${\times}$ 4.392 + lower 1st molar root length ${\times}$ 2.255 - lower 1st permolar apical width ${\times}$ 2.046, Girl(months) = 75.213 + lower 2nd premolar crown length ${\times}$ 3.910 lower 2nd molar root length ${\times}$ 2.280 - lower 1st molar apical width ${\times}$ 6.217 Age was estimated in boys and girls using the mathematic model ; the mean difference between chronological and estimated ages was $-2.1{\pm}6.8$ months for boys and $6.1{\pm}6.2$ months for girls. Therefore, it seems to be more accurate and easier than the earlier methods.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.290-296
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• 2006

Background : IS6110 DNA fingerprint is a very useful tool for investigating the transmission of tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to identify the epidemiological situations within a given area (one province). Methods : The 681 Mycbobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients, who were registered at health centers in Gyeonggi Province from May to December in 2004, were subjected to IS6110 DNA fingerprinting. Patients belonging to clusters were interviewed by health-workers to determine their previous contacts or household TB history. Results : The number of IS6110 copies of the 681 isolates showed diverse fingerprint patterns from 0 to 21 of which the most prevalent copy number was 10 from 120 isolates (17.6%). Thirty-three isolates (4.8%) belonged to the K strain, and 128 isolates (18.8%) belonged to the K family. There were 180 (26.4%) isolates belonged belonging to fifty clusters, of which two clusters were within household transmission. Forty-three (23.9%) out of 180 patients resided in an area under the same health center control. The rate of clusters in those aged 60-70 was higher than in any other age group ( 95% CI of RR : 1.072 ~ 1.988). Conclusion : This is the first report of an epidemiological survey based on a whole province using a DNA fingerprinting technique for M. tuberculosis. These results will be helpful in developing a program or policies to prevent the transmission of TB.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2009

urpose : The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been demonstrated to play a major role in regulating blood pressure. Therefore, components of the RAS are likely candidate genes that may predispose an individual to essential hypertension and cardiovascular complications. Among them, the M235T polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene has been speculated to be associated with elevated circulating angiotensinogen concentrations and essential hypertension. This study aimed to analyze the angiotensinogen M235T polymorphism in hypertensive adolescents and investigate its relationship with cardiovascular risks. Methods : Forty Korean hypertensive adolescents (aged 16-17, systolic $BP{\geq}140 mmHg$ and/or diastolic $BP{\geq}90 mmHg$) and fifty seven normal adolescents were included. Obesity index (OI), body mass index (BMI) were calculated. BP was measured by oscillometric methods in resting state. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was performed on DNA from the hypertensives subjects to analyze the M235T polymorphism. Serum homocysteine, insulin, renin, aldosterone and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) were tested according to each genotype. The carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid artery diameter, Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) were measured according to each genotype. Results : Genotype frequencies of T/T, M/T and M/M were 62.5%, 35.0%, 2.5%, respectively in hypertensive adolescents. The results were not significantly different compared to control group. Serum insulin, renin levels, BMI and OI were significantly higher in thoses with the M/M genotype as compared to those with the T/T of M/T genotype. Conclusion : This study showed that the M235T polymorphism was not associated with essential hypertension or any cardiovascular risks. Further clinical research is required to ascertain the relationship between this polymorphism and cardiovascular complications in Korean hypertensive adolescents.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 2002

Studies were carried out to observe the influence of the Aralia continentalis Kitagawa root on blood pressure and blood constituents of the 24 hypertensive elderly(10 men and 14 women aged over 60). Total subjects were divided into three groups according to taking antihypertensive medications(A), antihypertensive medications and mixing beverages with the Aralia continentalis Kitagawa root(B) or mixing beverages with Aralia continentalis Kitagawa root(C). The systolic blood pressure of C group was significantly lower than that of A and B groups. The diastolic blood pressure of C group was lower than A and B groups. The blood glucose level of C group was a little lower than that of A and B groups. The level of TG increased more in A group than C group and decreased in B group. The levels of T-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol lowered in B and C groups and HDL-cholesterol level was higher in C group. The GOT, GPT and T-bilirubin levels of C group were significantly higher than others. Mixing beverages with Aralia continentalis Kitagawa root did not affect on blood protein and non-protein nitrogens. In conclusion, mixing beverages with Aralia continentalis Kitagawa root had an effect on lowering blood pressure, blood glucose, T-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.177-192
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• 2010

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the educational needs of elderly hypertensive or diabetes patients and educators for the education program development of cardiocerebrovascular high-risk group in community. Methods: This study was conducted with 60 hypertensive or diabetes patients aged 65 years or above (cardiocerebrovascular high-risk group) who had registered KHyDDI(Korea Hypertension Diabetes Daegu Initiative) Project and attended Hypertension Diabetes Intervention Center Program, and with 44 educators in the center between June and August, 2009. Data were collected using questionnaires including general characteristics, educational objectives, curriculum, contents, and methods. Results: The major findings of this study were as follows: In education methods, cardiocerebrovascular high-risk group and educators both preferred small-grouped(5-9 persons) or individual education, 30min-1 hour, 50%-50% of theory-practice ratio, 3 months of education. In education contents, both groups needed all the suggested contents. Five categories would be suggested for the development of education program. The first category was that there was no significant difference between cardiocerebrovascular high-risk group's needs and knowledge. The second was category of low knowledge level in cardiocerebrovascular high-risk group's knowledge. The repeated education would be necessary for this category. The third was category with large standard deviation in cardiocerebrovascular high-risk group's knowledge. Individual education would be necessary for this category. The fourth category was that there was significant difference between cardiocerebrovascular high-risk group's knowledge and knowledge assessed by educators. The improvement of educator's education skill would be necessary for this category. The fifth category was that there was significant difference between cardiocerebrovascular high-risk group and educator's needs. Conclusions: Small group or individualized and staged education reflecting above cardiocerebrovascular high risk group and educators' needs should be developed for more effective education to prevent and manage the cardiocerebrovascular disease.