• Anxiety and mood
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.3-7
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• 2007

Anxiety disorder is likely caused by an interaction of multiple loci in brain, rather than a single locus. Hyperactive neurotransmitter circuits between the cortex, thalamus, amygdala, and hypothalamus are responsible for production of anxiety symptoms. Familial studies performed on anxiety disorder suggested that anxiety disorder should be caused by genetic etiology. Numerous linkage and association studies showed different genetic loci of anxiety disorder. Candidate genes have been focused on important neurotransmitters, neuropeptide, or genes affecting neuronal growth, development, protection or apoptosis. Anxiety disorder has various symptoms and comorbid diseases in family or proband. Therefore, further studies focused on symptomatic dimension of anxiety disorder or responses to drugs are required.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.161-167
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• 1997

This study compares the subtypes of central beta adrenergic receptors (ARs) of brains of untreated rats with those of imipramine-treated rats. Beta adrenergic receptors were measured by quantitative autoradiography of the binding of $^3H$-dihydroalprenolol ($^3H$-DHA) in coronal sections of rat brain. Repeated treatment of rats with imipramine significantly reduced the binding of $^3H$-DHA to beta-1 AR in many brain areas, especially throughout the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and amygdala. Significant reductions of the binding of $^3H$-DHA to beta-2 AR were not found in any area of the brain. These data suggests that a selective down-regulation of beta-1 AR may be involved in the adaptive changes occurring after prolonged imipramine treatment.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.375-378
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• 2014

Hydranencephaly is a rare congenital disease defined as an absence of cerebral hemispheres with an intact thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Generally, patients with hydranencephaly require cerebro-spinal fluid diversion due to progressive hydrocephalus. An excellent view of the choroid plexus and advancement of the neurosurgical endoscope were possible, leading to easy coagulation of the choroid plexus to balance cerebro-spinal fluid production without the use of a shunt device. We present this rare case and good treatment outcome from endoscopic coagulation of the choroid plexus.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.7 no.1_2
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• pp.59-65
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• 1992

The role of central dopaminergic neural activity for the maintenance of hypertension was tested. Two groups of animals were prepared; 1) Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at 14 weeks of age which reveal hypertension and 2) age-matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Blood pressures and dopamine turnover rate were measured from animals in each group. Dopamine turnover rate was determined in four brain regions such as telence-phalon, hypothalamus/thalamus, midbrain and pons/medulla, from concentration of dopamine at time zero, 1 and 2 hours after alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT) was injected into animals. In SHR dopamine turnover rate was greater than normotensive rats in only midbrain. The result from the present study implicates that dopaminergic neural activity in midbrain may be positively coupled to the manifestation of hypertension in SHR.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.49-52
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• 2007

The authors report a unique case of unilateral Moyamoya disease with a rare combination of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) who presented with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). A 50-year-old man suffered from sudden onset of mental deterioration and right hemiparesis. Brain computed tomography (CT) showed intracerebral hemorrhage on left thalamus. Brain CT angiography and cerebral digital subtraction angiography (DSA) revealed AVM combined with unilateral moyamoya disease involving left middle cerebral artery (MCA) and choroid plexus in left lateral ventricle. Intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus were managed conservatively. A rare case of unilateral Moyamoya disease accompanied by a cerebral arteriovenous malformation is described and discussed with review of pertinent literature.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.62-65
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• 2010

Since the World Health Organization (WHO) classification for central nervous system neoplasms was declared in 2000, chordoid glioma of the third ventricle has been noted as a newly recognized tumor for central nervous system neoplasms. Although there is not enough universal experience to know the nature of this tumor due to its rarity, the origin of chordoid glioma was guardedly proposed to be the ependymal cells of the third ventricle. Such an idea has been primarily based on the specific location of the tumor, that is, third ventricle, suprasellae, and hypothalamus. However, we report a rare case of histologically confirmed chordoid glioma located in the left thalamus, not attached to any of the midline structures having unusual neuroradiological characteristics.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 1994

On the basis of morphological and functional studies, it is now established that there exist multiple motor representation areas in the frontal lobe of subhuman primates. Recent development of analysis on cerebral critical organization in human subjects, utilizing novel techniques of PET and MRI, provides evidence of corresponding motor areas. Each area has its unique sources of inputs from the thalamus and from other parts of the cerebral cortex. To understand functional roles of these multiple motor areas, it is necessary to study neural activity while subjects are performing a variety of motor tasks. In view of high accuracy in spatial and temporal resolution, the analysis of single cells in relation to specific aspects of motor behavior remains to be a powerful research technique. It is with this technique that a number of novel concepts on functional roles of multiple motor areas have been proposed.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.61-71
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• 2011

Substance addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder that has been characterized by a vicious cycle composed of intoxication, craving/anticipation, withdrawal, and response inhibition/bingeing. Here we summarize the findings from neuroimaging studies in addiction according to these behavioral components and suggest the integrated neurobiological model of drug addiction and related brain correlates. The roles of various prefrontal regions, thalamus, memory circuit, anterior cingulated, and insula were also suggested in addition to those of classical mesolimbic dopaminergic system and its responsivity. Limited studies of behavioral addiction demonstrated a similarity with substance addiction on the neurobiological basis. Based on the current understanding of neurobiology of addiction, further researches on interactions of behavioral components and their brain correlates, behavioral addiction, and therapeutic applications will be desired.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2002.06c
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• pp.139-142
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• 2002

The brain of the human is the best model for the artificial intelligence and is studied by many natural, medical scientists and engineers. In the engineering department, the brain model becomes a main subject in the area of development of a system that can represent and think like human. In this paper, we approach and define the function of the brain biologically and especially, make a model for the function of cerebral cortex, known as a part that performs behavior inference and decision for sensitive information from the thalamus. Therefore, we try to make a model for the transfer process of the brain. The brain takes the sensory information from sensory organ, proceeds behavior inference and decision and finally, commands behavior to the motor nerves. We use the modular neural network in this model. finally, we would like to design the intelligent system that can sense, recognize, think and decide like the brain by learning the information process in the brain with the modular neural network.

• Proceedings of the KSMRM Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.33-33
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• 2003

목적： 확산텐서영상 획득시 확산경사자장의 방향수와 FA값, 그리고 FA값의 표준편차와의 상관관계를 조사해 보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법： 3T MR scanner에서 정상성인 10명(남자 5명, 여자 5명)을 대상으로 걸어주는 확산강조 경사자장의 수(N = 6, 11, 23, 35, 47)를 증가시키며 확산텐서영상을 획득하였다. 획득된 영상들로부터 FA map을 만들고 주요 뇌구조물(frontal GM, putamen, posterior limb of internal capsule, thalamus 등)에 관심영역을 설정하여 FA값을 측정하였으며 그 FA값의 표준편차(sd) 를 계산하였다. 이때 사용한 펄스열은 Stejskal-Tanner type의 확산강조 경사자장이 포함된 single-shot SE EPI를 사용하였으며 영상획득시 사용한 피라미터는 다음과 같다. TR/TE=8000ms/71ms, Thickness/spacing=5/2mm, FOV=240mm, Matrix=$128{\times}128$, NEX= 1, b value=1000s/$\textrm{mm}^2$.