• BMB Reports
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2016

The gastrointestinal tract forms the largest surface in our body with constantly being exposed to various antigens, which provides unique microenvironment for the immune system in the intestine. Accordingly, the gut epithelium harbors the most T lymphocytes in the body as intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), which are phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous populations, distinct from the conventional mature T cells in the periphery. IELs arise either from pre-committed thymic precursors (natural IELs) or from conventional CD4 or CD8αβ T cells in response to peripheral antigens (induced IELs), both of which commonly express CD8α homodimers (CD8αα). Although lineage commitment to either conventional CD4 T helper (Th) or cytotoxic CD8αβ T cells as well as their respective co-receptor expression are mutually exclusive and irreversible process, CD4 T cells can be redirected to the CD8 IELs with high cytolytic activity upon migration to the gut epithelium. Recent reports show that master transcription factors for CD4 and CD8 T cells, ThPOK (Th-inducing BTB/POZ-Kruppel-like factor) and Runx3 (Runt related transcription factor 3), respectively, are the key regulators for re-programming of CD4 T cells to CD8 lineage in the intestinal epithelium. This review will focus on the unique differentiation process of IELs, particularly lineage re-commitment of CD4 IELs. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(1): 11-17]

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.336-340
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• 2008

Corilagin (CRN) isolated from Euphorbia helioscopia as rheumatoid arthritis drug. CRN was medicated to the abdominal cavity of collagen induced arthritis (CIA) mice that was an animal model for rheumatoid arthritis and its effects on incidence and arthritis index were studied. The results were as folllows; It was exhibited that medicating corilagin inhibited the infiltration of activated T lymphocytes into an inflammatory joint. The production of IgG and IgM that were RF (rheumatoid factor) and inflammatory cytokine, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$were reduced. After measuring $IFN-{\gamma}$and IL-4, it was found that it was shifted into Th2 immune response as increasing in IL-4. After liver function test, studies on liver poisoning of AST/ALT should be continued.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.193-206
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to examine the stressors and stress coping styles of 6th grade el ementary school children and to explore the relationship between stressful life events and health symptoms and the effects of coping style which is theoretically considered to mediate the relationship between stress and health symptoms. The study subjects consisted of 329 in 6th grade elementary school children in Cheong-Ju city. Of the 329 subjects, 171 were boys and 158 were girls. For this study, three kinds of questionnaires were adopted as follows ; 1) Feel Bad Scale (FBS) by Lewis et al., 2) lazarus-Folkman's Way of coping questionnaire 3) Hee Sun Shin's Health Symptom questionnaire (HSQ) The researcher visited the school and collected data in the class using the questionnaire method after an explanation of the purpose and procedures was given to the children. Data collection was done for 10 days (from 5th to 15th of July 1997) . The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis using the SAS statistical program. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The mean score for the FBS was 211.37(range : 77-427), The most severe stressors perceived by children were parental divorce and other's smash or steal of my things. The most frequently experienced stressful life events were conflict with siblings and being scolded for other's fault. 2. The most frequently used stress coping style was the active coping (M=17.85), followed by passive (M=13.64) and magical one (M=13.42). 3. The mean score for the HSQ was 23.30(range : 0-72) The most frequently complained health symptoms were headache and having much worry about everything. 4. There was a significant relationship between stressful life events and health symptoms (r=.60, p<.001). Also, stressful life events were positively related with passive coping(r=.27, p<.001) and magical coping (r=.38, p<.001). Health symptoms were positively correlated with passive coping(r=.33, p<.001) and magical coping (r=.41, p<.001). 5. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor was the variable of stressful life events. Health concerns, magical coping style, passive coping style and active coping style accounted for 49.15% of the variance in health symptoms. This study revealed that stressful life events correlated with health symptoms in 6th grade elementary school children and passive coping and magical coping had mediating effects on this relationship. The implication for nursing is that there is a need to develop supportive interventions for high risk population to decrease health problems due to stress.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.446-457
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was done to evaluate the effects of psychosocial interventions on cortisol and immune response in adult patients with cancer. Methods: MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane Library CENTRAL, EMBASE, CINAHL and domestic electronic databases were searched. Twenty controlled trials (11 randomized and 9 non-randomized trials) met the inclusion criteria with a total of 862 participants. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane's Risk of Bias for randomized studies and the Risk of Bias Assessment tool for non randomized studies. Data were analyzed using the RevMan 5.2.11 program of Cochrane library. Results: Overall, study quality was moderate to high. The weighted average effect size across studies was -0.32 (95% CI [-0.56, -0.07], p=.010, $I^2 $=45%) for cortisol concentration, -0.62 (95%CI [-0.96,-0.29], p<.001, $I^2 $=0%) for T lymphocyte (CD3) and -0.45 (95%CI [-0.74, -0.16], p=.003, $I^2 $=0%) for Th lymphocyte (CD4) numbers. Psychosocial interventions were not effective for Tc lymphocyte (CD4), NK cell, monocyte, and cytokine response. Conclusion: Although these results provide only small evidence of successful immune modulation, they support the conclusion that psychosocial interventions can assist cancer patients in reducing emotional distress and improving immune response.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.44-53
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• 2001

Despite the advances in cancer therapy in the last 20 years, cancer continues to be a life-threatening illness, and the newly diagnosed individual faces a crisis that emphasized his or her mortality. Patients who suffer from cancer may have psychological problems, especially depression. Most tend to seek the meaning of suffering when continuing pain was experienced. Then the search for meaning, which is one of the primary needs of humans, begins. This meaning is "unique and specific" to the individual, and it must be fulfilled by the individual alone. This study was conducted to provide a basis of data for a nursing intervention program to minimize a cancer patient's suffering and to understand the relationship between life satisfaction, depression, and the meaning of suffering in cancer patients. The sample was composed of 160 cancer patients who were inpatients or outpatients of three general hospitals in Seoul. Data collections were carried out from February 25th to April 20th of 2000. The data was analyzed using a SAS program for descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlations, ANOVA, and Duncan tests. The results were as follows: 1. The scores on the depression scale ranged from 20 to 65 with a mean of 40.76 (SD 9.6) The mean score on the suffering scale was 97.72 (SD 12.7), and the score of the life satisfaction ranged from 15 to 37 with a mean of 25.51 (SD 5.2). 2. There were significant correlations between the amount of life satisfaction and depression (r=-.61, P=.00), the life satisfaction and the meaning of suffering (r=.30, p=.00), and the depression and the meaning of suffering (r=-.24, p=.00). 3. The factors influencing the depression in patients with cancer are age (F=2.52, p=.04) and education level (F=3.98, p=.00). The level of the meaning of suffering in cancer patients differed by education level (F=4.13, p=.00). Also, the level of the life satisfaction in cancer patients differed by education level (F=2.72, p=.04). In conclusion, the correlation between the depression, the meaning of suffering, and life satisfaction can be used as a concrete and practical datum for the development of nursing intervention. This may assist patients with cancer, overcome their suffering and lead to a hopeful life by understanding the meaning of suffering.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.660-670
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• 2016

This cross-sectional descriptive investigation attempted to identify the relationship among the symptoms, spiritual well-being, and depression experienced by patients undergoing hemodialysis. Data were collected from 146 patients at 6 hemodialysis clinics from October 15th, 2014 to January 15th, 2015. The Dialysis Symptom Index (DSI) was used to measure symptom experience, spiritual well-being was measured using the Spiritual Well-being Scale, and depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The data were analyzed using ANOVA, the t-test, Scheffe's test, Pearson correlation, and hierarchical regression analysis. The mean score of the symptom experience was 26.43 (range: 0~85), the mean spiritual well-being score was 47.79 (range: 20~80), and the mean depression score was 10.56 (range: 0~35). It was found that greater existential well-being leads to lower depression (r=-.23, p=.004) and symptom experience (r=-.17, p=.045). Greater physical (B=.09) and emotional (B=.64) symptom experience leads to higher depression and the explanatory power of these factors was 52.1% (F=18.54, p<.001). Therefore, a comprehensive nursing intervention that can help reduce the symptom experience and increase the existential well-being in hemodialysis patients is needed to reduce their depression.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.252-256
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• 2004

Purpose: Anastomosis site stricture is a common complication after a total gastrectomy. End-to-end anastomosis (EEA) stapler devices are preferred to a hand-sewn esophagojejunostomy these days. However, stapling devices have been reported not to reduce the incidence of esophagojejunostomy site stricture considerably. Materials and Methods: From Sep. 1998 to Dec. 2000, at Korea Gastic Cancer Center, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University, we experienced 228 total gastrectomies in which EEA stapling devices had been used. We investigated the correlation of the stricture with the size of the EEA stapling device, the type of esophagojejunal reconstruction, reflux esophagitis, and duration of stricture development. Results: Among the 228 cases, as far as the patient's age was concerned, the 7th decade was the most common 64 cases, followed by the 5th decades. The Male-to-female ratio was 2.3：1. A loop esophagojejunostomy was used in 223 cases, and the Roux-en-Y method was used in 5 cases. The 32 patients with anastomosis site stricture were patients with loop esophagojejunal anastomosis. Anastomosis site stricture occurred in $14\%$ (32/228) of the total gastrectomy cases, in$15.9\%$ (11/69) of the total gastrectomies involving stapler devices with a 25-mm diameter, and in $13.2\%$ (21/159) of the total gastrectomies involving staper devices with a 28-mm diameter. There was no correlation between the incidence of stricture and EEA- stapling device size (P>0.05). Reflux esophagitis occurred in 56 of the 228 cases, with 7 of those 56 cases ($12.5\%$) and 25 of the remaining 172 cases ($14.5\%$) having strictures. There was no considerable difference in the stricture incidence rate according to the presence of reflux esophagitis (P>0.05). The onset of stricture development, occurred within 6 months in 16 cases, including 4 cases of reflux esophagitis, between 7 and 18 months in 14 cases, including 3 cases of reflux eshophagitis, and after 19 months in 2 cases. Conclusion: An esophagojejunostomy site stricture after a total gastrectomy was not correlated with the esophagojejunal reconstruction type, the size of the stapling device, or the presence of reflux esophagitis. General anastomosis technical factors (e.g., adequate blood supply, tension-free manner, adequate hemostasis) may be more important to prevent anastomosis site stricture after an esophagojejunostomy during a total gastrectomy.