• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.419-425
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• 1999

Prophylactic effects of Bifidobacterium longum HY8001, Korean isolate, against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium DT104 enteric infection were examined at four groups of specific pathogen free(SPF)-ICR mouse for each pathogen. B. longum HY8001+B. typhimurium DT104+B. longum HY8001(BL+ST+BL) group and B. longum HY8001+E. coli O157:H7+B. longum HY8001(BL+E+BL) group were fed with B. longum HY8001 before and after E. coli O157:H7 or s. typhimurium DT104 challenge, while B. longum HY8001+S. typhimurium DT104(BL+ST) and B. longum HY8001+e. coli O157:H7(BL+E) groups were fed with B. longum HY8001 only before E. coli O157:H7 or S. typhimurium DT104 challenge. E. coli O157:H7(E) and S. typhimurium DT104(ST) groups were challenged with each pathogen without B. longum HY8001 administration and control groups were administered with phosphate buffered solution(PBS). After the oral administration with B. longum HY8001(109cfu), th emice were challenged with E. coli O157:H7(2$\times$1010cfu) or S. typhimurium DT104(108cfu) and the mortality rate and the fecal shedding of challenged pathogen were also examined define the reactivity of the B. longum HY8001. Production of toxin neutralizing substance(s) of B. longum HY8001 was determined by cell cytotoxicity assay using Vero cells. Fecal shedding of th eS. typhimurium DT104 was significantly decreased in BL+ST+BL group fed with B. longum HY8--1 before and after challenge(p<0.05), while the fecal shedding s of S. typhimurium DT104 in BL+ST and St groups remained more than 106cfu. the protective effect of the B. longum HY8001 against E. coli O157:H7 was significantly high only in BL+E+BL group fed with b. longum Hy8001 before and after E. coli O157:H7 challenge from the result of fecal E. coli O157:H7 isolation rate, mortality rate, and intestinal contents culture to detect E. coli O157:H7. the mortality rate of the BL+e and E groups. The cytopathic effect (CPE) of the Vero cytotoxin (Shiga like toxin I & II) in Vero cell was neutralized in B. longum HY8001 culture supernatant added wells which indicate the presence of soluble Vero cytotxin neutralizing substance(s) in B. longum HY8001 culture suprnatant.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.391-396
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the changes in yeast cell number, organic acid and total acid during the fermentation and distribution processes for enhancement of preservation of Makgeolli. Organic acids, including lactic acid, succinic acid, malic acid and citric acid, were increased with fermentation time, while oxalic acid, phosphoric acid and acetic acid were not detected, respectively. Production of organic acids leaded to pH reduction in Makgeolli. In case of Makgeolli kept at $4^{\circ}C$, there was no change in organic acids until 20 days. On the other hand, when observing the change in organic acid of Makgeolli kept at $25^{\circ}C$, concentration of lactic acid was decreased, while citric acid was not detected from the beginning of storage. However, acetic acid was detected from 10th day and rapidly increased at the 25th day. Therefore, it is suggested that the current expiration date (10 days in a cooler) could be extended.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.340-349
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• 2011

This study examined the roles of autolytic enzymes and microorganisms in the ripening process of salted Alaska pollack tripe made with various concentrations of salt i.e, 7.5% and 20% by weight. Salted Alaska pollack tripe treated with antibiotic agents for the inhibition of microbial growth and a control were prepared experimentally, and changes in chemical composition and viable cell counts were investigated, individually, during the ripening process. Just after the preparation of the low salt Alaska pollack tripe made with 7.5% salt, viable bacterial cells occurred at a level of $10^5$ CFU/g. In the control, bacterial counts increased rapidly to $10^7$ CFU/g by the 14th day of ripening. However, in the sample treated with antibiotic agents, counts were decreased to a level of $10^4$ CFU/g by the 3rd day of ripening and increased gradually to $10^6$ CFU/g by the 5th day of ripening, and then the same value was maintained there-after. Just after the preparation of the high salt Alaska pollack tripe made with 20% salt, viable bacterial cells occurred at a level of $10^3$ CFU/g. In both the samples treated with antibiotic agents and the control, bacterial counts decreased rapidly to $10^0$ CFU/g by the 45th day of ripening and increased gradually there-after. The content of amino type nitrogen was 76.3 mg% just after the preparation of the low salt Alaska pollack tripe made with 7.5% salt. Amino type nitrogen content was increased to 283.5 mg% by the 5th day of proper ripening in the control, but it was increased to 208.0 mg% in the sample treated with antibiotic agents. The difference in amino type nitrogen content was 75.5 mg/100 g. The content of amino type nitrogen was 57.2 mg% just after the preparation of the high salt Alaska pollack tripe made with 20% salt. Amino type nitrogen content was increased to 198.3 mg by the 60th day of proper ripening in the control, but it was increased to 162.0 mg% in the sample treated with the antibiotic agents. The difference in amino type nitrogen content was 36.3 mg/100 g. The contents of VBN and TMA-N were 102.1 mg% and 20.5 mg%, respectively, at the 7th day of ripening in the low salt Alaska pollack tripe made with 7.5% salt. The content of VBN was 60.0 mg% and TMA-N was not detected at the 21st day of ripening in the sample treated with antibiotic agents. The control sample was spoiled by the 7th day of ripening but the sample treated with antibiotic agents was not spoiled by the 21st day of ripening. On the other hand, VBN content was 37.2 mg% and TMA-N was not detected at the 90th day of ripening in the high salt Alaska pollack tripe made with 20% salt, and the control sample was not spoiled.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.246-252
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• 2017

Pulverized $FeS_2$ (pyrite) gives different discharge test results with as-received $FeS_2$ electrodes. The as-received $FeS_2$ electrode shows three voltage plateaus during the discharge test. However, the ball-milled $FeS_2$ electrode shows two voltage plateaus. To interpret this result, the effect of $FeS_2$ particle size on electrochemical reactions is investigated by unit cell discharge tests, SEM and XRD. As a result, it is found that the transition reaction product ($Li_2+xFe+xS_2$) of $FeS_2$ explains the difference. The as-received $FeS_2$ reacts according to three reaction steps ($FeS_2{\rightarrow}Li_3Fe_2S_4{\rightarrow}Li_2+xFe_1+xS_2{\rightarrow}LiFe_2S_4$). However, ball-milled $FeS_2$ reacts without the $Li_2+xFe_1+xS_2$ stage. In this study, this result is explained by the difference in electrochemical reaction mechanism. The as-received $FeS_2$ has a larger radius than the ball-milled $FeS_2$. Therefore, the lithium ion has to diffuse into the $FeS_2$ unreacted core, and $Li_2+xFe_1+xS_2$, the transition reaction product of as-received $FeS_2$, is formed during this stage.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.94-101
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• 2018

Tuberculosis (TB) is infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. It is known that not only the property of microorganism but also the genetic susceptibility of infected patients is controlled. Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a cytokine belonging to type 1 T helper (Th1) activity. In addition, IL-2, when infected with MTB, binds IL-2 receptor and promotes T cell replication and is involved in granuloma formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic polymorphisms of the IL-2 receptor gene in tuberculosis patients and normal individuals. We analyzed 22 SNPs in three genes using the genotype data of 443 tuberculosis cases and 3,228 healthy controls from the Korea Association Resource for their correlation with tuberculosis case. IL2RA, IL2RB, and IL2RG genes were genotyped of 16, 4, and 2 SNPs, respectively. Among three genes, only IL2RA gene polymorphisms showed statistically significant association with tuberculosis case. 6 SNPs with high significance were identified in the IL2RA gene. In addition, the linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure of IL2RA gene was confirmed. SNP imputation of IL2RA gene was performed, it was confirmed that more SNPs were significant between case and control. If we look at the results of IL2RA gene analysis above, we can see that genetic polymorphism in the gene expressing $IL-2R{\alpha}$ will regulate the expression level of $IL-2R{\alpha}$, and the change in the immune system involved in $IL-2R{\alpha}$. In this study, genetic polymorphism that may affect host immunity suggests that susceptibility to tuberculosis may be controlled.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.254-270
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• 2020

We conducted a seasonal field survey to analyze the distribution patterns of a phytoplankton community and biological oceanographic characteristics in the Geum river estuary in 2018. The results showed that the phytoplankton community consisted of 58 genera and 116 species, showing a relatively simple distribution. It was controlled by diatoms at 70.2%, a low number of species in winter and spring, and a high number in summer and autumn. The phytoplankton cell density ranged from 10.0 to 2,904.0 cells mL^-1, with an average layer of 577.2 cells mL^-1, which was low in autumn and high in winter. The seasonal succession of phytoplankton dominant species was mainly centric diatoms from winter to summer, including Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii, Cerataulina bergonii, and Skeletonema costatum-ls in winter, S. costatum-ls and C. bergonii in spring, and Eucampia zodiacus and Th. nordenskioeldii in summer. However, the autumn species depended upon the regions, with the inner bay dominated by the centric diatom, Aulacoseira cf. granulata, the mixed areas by S. costatum-ls, and the open sea by the dinoflagellate, Lingulodinium polyedra. According to principal component analysis (PCA), the phytoplankton community was greatly affected by the inflow and expansion of freshwater, including high nutrients, which are introduced annually through the rivermouth weir in Geum river estuary. However, the estuary, which is strongly affected by annual freshwater, was limited to areas near Geumran Island, which is adjacent to the river-mouth weir.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2012

In this study, 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. nonglutinous and glutinous sikhe were added to $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extracts for 15 days at $4^{\circ}C$, and for seven days at $25^{\circ}C$, to examine the extracts' storage properties and sensory characteristics. The results are as follows: (1) On the changes of pH and acidity during storage of $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. nonglutinous and glutinous sikhe, both of them showed lower pH values with lower additive $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extract contents. The pH value continuously decreased with a longer storage period, and the acidity was higher with a lower concentration of $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extract. (2) The total microbial cell count during storage of $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. nonglutinous and glutinous sikhe at $4^{\circ}C$ was 4.6-5.0 log CFU/g at 0 day. The sikhe to which $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extract was not added increased to 8.8-9.0 log CFU/g on the seventh storage day, while the sikhye to which 80 and 100% $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extracts were added were 7.8 and 6.9 logCFU/g, respectively. Thus, the total cell count was lower with a higher additive content of $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extract. The total cell count of the sikhe to which 0-60% $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extracts reached the maximum value on the seventh storage day and did not show any change thereafter. The total cell count of the sikhe to which 80 and 100% $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extracts were added, however, reached the maximum value on the 10th to 13th storage days, thus showing that the storage period was increased by $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. At $25^{\circ}C$, the total cell count was 4.6-5.0 log CFU/g on 0 day and continuously increased during the storage period. It had increased to 8.9-9.5 log CFU/g on the seventh storage day, and no differences were shown according to the additive content of $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extract. (3) On the sensory characteristics of $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. nonglutinous and glutinous sikhe, the $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. nonglutinous sikhe to which 20% $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extract was added showed the highest overall-acceptability value ($4.23{\pm}0.95$), whereas the $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. glutinous sikhe to which 40% $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extract was added showed the highest overall-acceptability value ($3.95{\pm}0.95$). The sikhe to which 20 and 40% $Ulmus$ $pumila$ L. extracts were added showed significantly high taste, flavor, sweetness, and overall-preference values (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.246-253
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• 2012

Despite frequent freezing injury to tea trees due low temperature, drought, and strong wind during wintertime, no comprehensive measurements have been taken. We selected and examined 9 locations in Hwagae-myeon and 4 places in Agyang-myeon, Hadong-gun, Gyeonsanggnam-do where low temperature damage had occurred between December 2010 and February 2011. Our objective is to examine the effect of frost damage on the morphological symptom and harvest of a tea tree exposed to a constant low temperature environment during wintertime. The results of our analyses on meteorological environment, tea leaf chromaticity, water content and trypan blue are as follows: (1) the number of days with temperature of $-10^{\circ}C$ or less, which were subject to frost damage to a tea tree were 8 and 13.6% during the winterization period in 2011; (2) the accumulated time was 1,308 minutes, and the longest duration at $-10^{\circ}C$ was 588 minutes from 21:08 p.m. 15 January to 7:30 a.m. $16^{th}$ January. The rainfall was only 104 mm which was 306 mm less than the previous year; (3) the lightness L values in 2011 were higher than in 2012 due to dehydration and necrosis by blue discoloration and red discoloration at all areas in chromaticity measurement; (4) the water content in a tea leaf in 2011 was higher than in 2012 due to low rainfall and strong wind, and almost no cell death phenomenon was observed from normal tea leaves subject to no low temperature stress in a trypan blue analysis; and (5) partial coloration due to cell death, however, took place in the leaves damaged by blue discoloration subject to low temperature stress, and most coloration due to cell death took place in the leaves damaged by red discoloration.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.159-171
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• 2003

Objective: To study on the anti-cancer, anti-metastasis and immune response improvement effects of Herbal-acupuncture with Asparagus cochinchinensis infusion solution. Methods: we put into Chung-wan(CV12) and Kwanwon(CV4) of C57bl/6 which are corresponding to human body with Asparagus coc hinchinensis infusion solution. We observed the effect on the expres sion of MMP-9. the expression of cytokine gene, number of pulmon ary colony, histological analysis on tissue metastasis of lung and liver. the expression of cytokine gene on PBMC. the number of $CD3e^+/CD4^+$. $CD3e^+/CD8^+$, $NK^+$ cell. Results: The results were obtained as follows I) The effect on expression of MMP-9. the expression of cytokine gen e was inhibited significantly in all the sample groups. compared with control group. 2) In pulmonary colony, sample groups were decreased significantly, compared with control group. especially, the group put into Chung-wan(CV12) was decreased significantly. 3) Histological analysis of sample groups inhibited significantly in all th e sample groups compared with that control groups in both of lung and liver. especially, the group put into Chung-wan(CV12) was inhibited significantly. 4) The effect on cytokine gene expression on PBMC of all the sample groups were increased significantly, compared with control group. 5) In flow cytometry, $CD3e^+/CD4^+$ $CD3e^+/CD8^+$, $NK^+$ cell in sample groups were increased compared with control group.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.47-56
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• 2006

Methods : 40 of Female rats were allowed to mate with 40 of male rats. Then, female rats were delivered of offspring rats, After birth 28 days, offspring rats were divided 8 groups, The normal group(Group A), the 10 mg/kg Angelicae gig antis radix~treated group(Group B), the 50 mg/kg Angelicae gigantis radix-treated group(Group C), the 100 mg/kg Angelicae gig antis radix-treated group(Group D), The control (noise-treated) group(Group E). the noise -10 mg/kg Angelicae gigantis radix-treated group(Group F), the noise-50 mg/kg Angelicae gigantis radix~treated group(Group G), and the noise-100 mg/kg Angelicae gigantis radix-treated group(Group H)(n = 5 in each group), From the 15th day of pregnancy, all rats were subcutaneously injected with 50 mg/kg BrdU once a day 30 min before the starting of experimental treatment. Rats of the prenatal noise-treated group were applied with 95 decibel supersonic machine sound for 1h once a day until delivery, After birth 28 days, offspring rats intraperitoneally injected with 50 mg/kg of BrdU and offspring rats were treated Angelicae gigantis radix Herb-acupunture on chungwan(CV12) for 7 consecutive days. For the detection of BrdU-positive cells and Ki-67 positive cells in hippocampus, immunohistochemistry was performed. Results : 1. The number of BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus of noise-treated group was significantly decreased to normal group, and the Group F, G, H were significantly increased to control group. 2. The number of Ki-67 positive cells in the dentate gyrus of noise-treated group was significantly decreased to control group, and the Group G, H were significantly increased to control group. Conclusion : We concluded that postnatal Angelicae gigantis radix administration has effect on cell proliferation in offspring rats with prenatal noise stress during pregnancy.