• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Chemicals such as antibiotics and surfactants can enter agricultural environment and they can be degraded by natural processes such as photolysis. These chemicals exist in mixtures in the environment, but studies on degradation of the mixtures are limited. This study compares the photodegradation of Triton X-100 (TX) and antibiotics [tetracycline (TC) and sulfathiazole (STH)] when they are in a single solution or in mixtures. METHODS AND RESULTS: TC, STH, and TX solutions were exposed to UV-A for the photodegradation tests for 14 days. The residual TC, STH, and TX concentrations were analyzed by using HPLC. The TC degradation was similar regardless of the presence of TX, while the TX degradation was lower in the presence of TC. The STH degradation was similar regardless of the presence of TX, while the TX degradation was greater in the presence of STH. However, the STH degradation was slower in the TC-STH-TX mixture than in the STH-TX mixture. Also, the TX degradation was negligible in the TC-STH-TX mixture. The results show that the photodegradation of TC, STH, and TX can be different in mixtures. This can be attributed to the different emission and absorption wavelengths of each compound and interaction between these compounds and photoproducts. CONCLUSION: Overall, this study emphasizes that photodegradation of single chemicals and chemical mixtures can be different, and more studies on single compounds as well as mixtures are required to understand the fate of chemicals in the environment in order to manage them properly.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.845-854
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• 2009

최근 전 세계적으로 환경 중에 잔류하는 항생물질로 인한 항생물질 내성박테리아의 발현에 대한 우려가 커지고 있다. 그러나 국내의 경우 이에 대한 기초자료 확립을 위한 액상(수질)과 고상(토양, 저질토)에 잔류하는 항생물질의 동태와 이동에 대한 연구는 극히 드문 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내 우분 퇴비화 시설에 인접한 농경지 토양과 지표수 및 저질토에 대한 항생물질 모니터링을 실시하여 tetracycline 계열의 항생물질 3종(tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline)과 sulfonamide 계열의 항생물질 3종(sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfathiazole)에 대한 분포특성을 살펴보았다. 항생물질은 고형상추출(SPE, solid phase extraction)을 실시한 후 고성능액체크로마토그래피 질량분석기(HPLC/MS)로 분석하였다. 이를 통해 검출된 환경 중 항생물질의 농도는 지표수에서 BDL ~0.71 ${\mu}g$/L, 저질토에서 BDL ~27.61 ${\mu}g$/L, 농경지 토양에서 0.12~157.33 ${\mu}g$/L 수준으로 나타났으며 퇴비화 시설과 인접한 지점의 시료에서 상대적으로 높은 수준의 항생물질이 검출되었다. 이를 통해 퇴비화 시설이 환경 중에 존재하는 항생물질에 영향을 주고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 한편 수질시료에 비해 저질토와 토양에서 항생물질이 높은 농도로 검출되었으며 이는 항생물질의 물리화학적 특성에 기인하는 것으로 판단되었다. 장기적으로는 저질토와 토양에서 항생물질 내성박테리아 발현이 우려되므로 향후 항생물질의 환경 중 이동 및 잔류특성 평가를 위한 장기 모니터링 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2014

2010년 발생한 가축전염병인 구제역(FMD)으로 인해 전국에 약 4,700여개소에 가축 매몰지가 조성되었다. 매몰된 가축의 부패 과정에서 발생하는 침출수는 항생제와 같은 다양한 오염물질들을 함유하고 있어 주변 토양 및 수계로 유입되는 경우 환경에 악영향을 초래할 수 있다. 이와 같이 환경에 잔류하는 항생제는 내성박테리아 생성 등을 통해 인간건강 및 생태계 건전성을 위협할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 가축 매몰에 의한 항생제 오염수준을 평가하기 위해 가축 매몰지 및 인근 농경지 토양에서 항생제 모니터링을 실시하였다. 모니터링 대상 항생제로는 축산용 항생제로 사용량이 가장 많은 tetracycline 계열의 tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC), oxytetracycline (OTC)와 sulfonamide 계열의 sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX)을 선정하였다. 항생제의 잔류농도는 매몰지 (TC: $144.26-350.73{\mu}g/kg$, SMZ: $17.72-44.94{\mu}g/kg$)가 인근 농경지 (TC: $134.16-320.73{\mu}g/kg$, SMZ: $6.48-8.85{\mu}g/kg$)에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났으며 CTC, OTC, SMX는 검출되지 않았다. 연구결과를 통해 단정할 수는 없으나 매몰된 가축사체에 함유된 항생제가 매몰지 및 인근 토양에 축적될 수 있는 개연성이 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 특히, 농경지에 잔류하는 항생제는 농작물에 의해 흡수되어 인간 건강에 악영향을 미치므로 이에 대한 지속적인 모니터링이 요구된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.285-292
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• 2017

Antibiotics have been used for treating human and animal disease and enhancing growth of cattle, swine, and poultries. However, overused antibiotics can be released into the environment and produce antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. Main objective of this research was to monitor residual of antibiotics in solid matrix such as manure, wastewater sludge, soil and sediment. Total of six antibiotics, Chlortetracycline (CTC), Oxytetracycline (OTC), Tetracycline (TC), Sulfamethazine (SMT), Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), Sulfathiazole (STZ), used for both human and animal was monitored. Result showed that the detection frequency of 6 antibiotics was ordered SMT (100%) > TC = CTC (75%) > OTC (38%) > STZ (13%) > SMZ (0%) and the highest concentration ($309.83{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$, SMT) was observed in manure. Comparing residual concentration of antibiotics (TC, CTC, and OTC) in soil and sediment, higher concentration was observed in sediment indicating that dissolved forms of antibiotics are released into river and sorbed into sediment particle. In conclusion, monitoring for residual of antibiotics in the environment is necessary and more research should be conducted to verify the source of antibiotic release.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.373-381
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• 2012

Antibiotics have been issued recently in water environments because of potential impacts on ecosystem and public health. This study was aimed to investigating the degradation of antibiotics such as tetracycline, lincomycin, sulfamethazine and cephradine using gamma ray irradiation. And the toxicity before and after irradiation on antibiotics was tested in order to examine the aquatic eco-risk assessment by aquatic organisms. In addition, comparing tests on toxicity for gamma ray and UV irradiated antibiotics was conducted. Four different antibiotics were prepared by concentration of 30 mg/L with demi-water respectively. The absorption dose of gamma ray was ranged from 0.2 to 2 kGy. The concentration of four antibiotics was gradually decreased corresponding to the increase of the absorption dose. A method for toxicity assessment using Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was evaluated to the most acceptable compared with methods by Daphnia magna and Microtox$^{(R)}$ in terms of sensibility. It showed that the reduction of toxicity on antibiotics treated by gamma ray was superior comparing to the test results obtained from UV treatment. By-products from antibiotics treated by gamma ray were easily decomposed by microorganism and their toxicity was also evaluated to low.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2007

The present study was aimed to screen different antibiotics in vivo for their effects against the bacterium Bacillus coagulans in silkworm Bombyx mori in three experimental conditions viz., a) healthy larvae treated with the antibiotics b) larvae which were first inoculated with Bacillus coagulans immediately after the $2^{nd}$ moult and treated with the antibiotics from 24 hour after inoculation up to the end of the $5^{th}$ instar(pre-inoculated larvae) and c) larvae which were treated with the antibiotics right from hatching up to the end of the $5^{th}$ instar and inoculated with Bacillus coagulans immediately after the $2^{nd}$ moult(post-inoculated larvae). All the antibiotics used in this study stimulated better performance in improving the rearing performance and economic characters of the cocoons in healthy, pre-inoculated and post-inoculated larvae, besides reducing the mortality of infected larvae. Cephelexin and Tetracycline were more effective than the others in their overall performance under all the three experimental conditions. Chloramphenical caused greater increase in the length of the reelable silk filament, but was not as good in elevating the other parameters compared to the remaining antibiotics. Of the four concentrations of antibiotics tested, 2.0% performed better under all the three experimental conditions.

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2010

The pollution of antibiotics is a major cause of spreading antibiotics resistant bacteria in the environment. Applications of ozonation, UV, and ${\gamma}-ray$ irradiations have been introduced to remove antibiotics in the effluents from wastewater treatment system. In this study, we compared the chemical (HPLC) and biological (antimicrobial susceptibility test, AMS) assays in measuring of the concentrations of residual antibiotics after ${\gamma}-ray$ and UV irradiation. Most samples were degraded by ${\gamma}-ray$ irradiation (1~2 kGy). However, lincomycin and tetracycline were not degraded by UV irradiation. The concentration of residual antibiotics, that was treated with ${\gamma}-ray$ and UV irradiation, measuring by bioassay was similar to HPLC. The concentrations of ${\gamma}-ray$ irradiated cephradine measured by AMS test were 2 times higher than that of HPLC assay, indicating AMS test is more sensitive than HPLC assay. These results indicate that ${\gamma}-ray$ irradiation technique is more useful than UV irradiation, and biological assay is more useful to detect the antibiotics and toxic intermediates in antibiotics degradation.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.834-846
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• 2017

Aquaculture practices to ensure greater production, such as high density breeding and excessive feeding, are become stressors that raise the prevalence of diseases. Accordingly, increasingly large volumes of antibiotics are used more frequently each year. Long term use antibiotics can generate resistant bacteria, which interrupt treatments and cause a potential transfer to human bodies. Thus, antibiotic resistance is of importance in public health. Tetracycline (Tc) is one of the typical medicines used in the aquaculture drugs, which has a wide range of application including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In the examination of 153 strains isolated from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) farms located in Jeju in 2016, it turned out that a total of 84 strains were resistant to Tc or oxytetracycline (OTC). The extent to which the strains are resistant to Tc and OTC was confirmed through MIC test, mostly within the range of 25 to $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Twelve different types of tet genes were detected using single and multiplex PCR in the 84 Tc-resistant strains. The PCR was used to find tet(K), tet(M), tet(O), and tet(S), which are known to exist primarily in gram positive strains. According to the results, - tet(S) is the most dominant gene in 49 strains of Streptococcus parauberis, accounting for 63.2%. And there were two strains that have two different types of resistant genes. The multiplex PCR was used to detect tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(D), tet(E), and tet(G), which are commonly found in gram-negative strains. Each of tet(B), tet(D), and tet(B)&(M) was found in a strain presumed to be Vibrio sp., and only tet(D) was found in 10 Edwardsiella tarda strains.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2006

There has been increasing concern in recent years about the occurrence, fate and toxicity of pharmaceutical products in aquatic environment. Although these compounds have been detected in a wide variety of environmental samples including sewage effluent, surface waters, ground water and drinking water, their concentrations generally range from the low ppt to ppb levels. It is therefore often thought to be unlikely that pharmaceuticals will have a detrimental effect on the environment. This study was conducted to determine the endocrine disruption effects of the several pharmaceutical residues in water using adult Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). The common antibiotics were used sulfa durgs (sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethazine) and tetracycline drugs (oxytetracycline and tetracycline). Positive control that was induced Vtg (vitellogenin) in male fish was used $17\beta$-estradiol. Vtg was qualified and quantified through Western blotting and ELISA. After SDS gel electrophoresis, the dominant protein band was identified to molecular weight approximately 205 kDa in whole body samples of vitellogenic female. In female medaka exposed to $17\beta$estradiol, there was no significant difference in total protein induction. In contrast, three to five day exposure of male fish to $17\beta$-estradiol resulted in more than 60.0% increase of total protein compared to that of control males (p<0.01). In case of antibiotics, female fish didn't show significant difference, but male fish was showed significant difference. In addition, Vtg induction in male fish was observed with all the test chemicals. On concentrations greater than 0.1 ppm of sulfamethoxazole, 1 ppm of sulfamethazine, 1 ppm of oxytetracycline and 20 ppm of tetracycline, Vtg induction was increased in a dose response manner. This study is one of the early reports suggesting potential endocrine disruption mechanism of antibiotic pharmaceutical products in aquatic ecosystem. Although the effect concentrations obtained from this study were high as unrealistically as in environments, it is endocrine disruption that we should be considered as one of the important consequences of pharmaceutical contamination at water environment, and warrants due attention in future researches.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.388-400
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• 2023

Aeromonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp. are opportunistic pathogens widely distributed in the aquatic environment. To test the antibiotic susceptibility, the MIC of the 18 antibiotics mainly used in aquaculture were measured. Aeromonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp. straoms had different resistance patterns against most antibiotics. The MIC of tetracycline for four Aeromonas spp. strains (10.5%) was < 0.25 ㎍/mL. However, 0.5-4 ㎍/mL tetracycline inhibited most Pseudomonas spp. strains. The tet resistance performance of 14 genes including tet(B), tet(E), and tet(M) were investigated. Investigating, the tetracycline resistance gene of 38 Aeromonas spp. strains detected tet(A) in 21 strains (55.3%). Two Pseudomonas spp. strains showed high MIC values and no inhibition zone. tet gene analysis detected tet(D) in only one strain (5%).