• Toxicological Research
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.33-37
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• 2000

Hershberger assay is known as one of the in vivo-short-term scrrning assays for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), but this method is not a validated test system. In the present study, the establishment of Hershberger assay to detect EDCs was tried using a model substance, di(n-butyl)phthalate (DBP), a plasticizer for plastics. Thirty-six immature male rats were randomly assigned to six groups: DBP 0, 40, 200, and 1000mg/kg, a positive control (flutamide 20 mg/kg), and a combination group(DBP 1000mg/kg and testosterone 50 ug/kg). DBP and flutamide were administered by gavage to male rats from day 21 to 40 post partum. Testosterone was subcutaneously injected during the same period. We evaluated body weigth gain, weights of ventral prostate, seminal vesicle, and levator ani and bulvocavernous muscle, and serum concentrations of testosterone and lutenizing hormone in male rats. The weights of seminal vesicle and levator ani and bulvocavernous muscle of males receiving 1000mg/kg of DBP was significantly lower than controls. There was no effect of DBP-treatment on body weight gain, prostate weight, and hormone concentrations. In the positive control group, the weights of seminal vesicle and levator ani and bulvocavernous muscle of males receiving 20mg/kg of flutamide were significantly lower than controls. In the combination group, there was no effect of co-treatment of DBP and testosterone on all parameters effect against DBP. This method was found to be a useful short-term screening assay system for EDCs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.649-658
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• 2010

Myogenic satellite cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that activate and differentiate into myotubes. These stem cells are multipotent as they transdifferentiate into adipocyte-like cells, nerve cells and osteocytes. The effects of steroid hormones ($E_2$ and testosterone) were studied as a further step toward understanding the mechanism of MSCs proliferation and differentiation. In this study, MSCs were grown continuously for 87 days, implying that there may be a group of MSCs that continue to proliferate rather than undergoing differentiation. Isolated MSCs were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium supplemented with adult male, female or castrated bovine serum to observe the effect of steroid hormones on MSC proliferation. Cell proliferation was the highest in cultures supplemented with male serum followed by female and castrated serum. The positive effect of male hormone on MSC proliferation was confirmed by the observation of testosterone-mediated increased proliferation of cells cultured in medium supplemented with castrated serum. Furthermore, steroid hormone treatment of MSCs increased lipid accumulation in myotubes. Oil-Red-O staining showed that 17${\beta}$-estradiol ($E_2$) treatment avidly increased lipid accumulation, followed by $E_2$+testosterone and testosterone alone. To our knowledge, this is the first report of lipid accumulation in myotubes due to steroids in the absence of an adipogenic environment, and the effect of steroid hormones on cell proliferation using different types of adult bovine serum, a natural hormonal system. In conclusion, we found that sex steroids affect MSCs proliferation and differentiation, and lipid accumulation in myotubes.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.168-179
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• 2020

Objective: This study investigated testicular oxidative stress status and physiomorphological function in Wistar rats fed with yaji and cadmium chloride (CdCl₂). Methods: Sixty male albino Wistar rats (12 per group) were randomly assigned to five groups: group I (control), group II (300 mg/kg.bw of yaji), group III (500 mg/kg.bw of yaji), group IV (2.5 mg/kg.bw of CdCl₂), and group V (2.5 mg/kg.bw of yaji+4 mg/kg.bw omega-3). Each group was evenly subdivided into two subgroups and treatment was administered for 14 days and 42 days, respectively. Semen quality (sperm count, progressive motility, normal morphology, and gonadosomatic index), hormones (testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone), testicular oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and malonaldehyde) and testicular histomorphological features were examined. Results: Yaji caused significant (p< 0.05) dose- and duration-dependent reductions in semen quality, the gonadosomatic index, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Yaji also caused significant (p< 0.05) dose- and duration-dependent decreases in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity, as well as increased testicular malonaldehyde levels. Yaji induced distortions in the testicular histological architecture. CdCl₂ damaged testicular function by significantly (p< 0.05) reducing semen quality, reproductive hormone levels, and oxidative stress markers in albino Wistar rats. CdCl₂ also altered the histology of the testis. Conclusion: This study shows that yaji sauce has similar anti-fertility effects to those of CdCl₂, as it adversely interferes with male reproduction by impairing oxidative stress markers and the function and morphological features of the testis.

• 약학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.92-102
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• 1973

Hormone이 암발생과 밀접한 관계가 있음은 이미 1935년대에 밝혀진 바 있다. 즉 lacassagne은 estrogen이 토끼 자궁벽의 fibromyomatous transformation에 영향을 준다고 하였다. Nelson는 guinea-pig를 시험동물로 해서 estrogen을 장기투여한 결과 uterine fibroids가 수발됨을 확인한 이래, 유발됨을 확인한 이래, 이러한 hormone이 암발생의 장기요인이 됨으리 밝히게 되었다. 이러한 업적은 Lipschutz에 의해 더욱 수식되었다. 이러한 업적의 결과가 여러편의 종설로 발표되었다. 즉 Lacassagne, Zuckerman, Burrows등, Gardner는 각기 종설을 발표하여 이를 확증하기에 이르렀다. 한편 각개 hormone, 그중에서도 sex-hormone의 opposite action은 Steinach등 및 Sand에 의해 밝혀졌고 거세백서에 estrogen을 투여했을때 유기되는 vaginal mucosa의 epidermization이 testosterone의 투여에 의해 급속히 소진됨을 Currier 일파가 증명하였고 estrogen에 의해 유발된 웅백서 부속성선의 조직변성이 androgen의 동시투여의 소실됨이 homone에 의해 유발된 neoplastic에 대해 유효하리하는 것은 백명한 일이고 이러한 사실은 현재 실시로 허다히 이용되고 있는 것이다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.431-438
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• 2000

본 실험은 조피볼락 (Sebastes schlegeli)의 생식년주기와 생식주기에 따른 sex steroid hormone들의 계절적인 변화를 밝히기 위하여 GSI와 HSI의 연간 변동과 생식소 조직학적인 연간 변화와 sex steroid hormone ($estradiol-l7{\beta}, 17{\alpha}, 20{\beta}-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, testosterone$, 그리고 $11-ketotestosterone$)의 혈중 수준의 연간 변화를 조사하였다. 암컷의 생식주기는 다음과 같이 5단계로 구분할 수 있었다: 1) 회복기 (6월${\~}$9월): 혈중 $estradiol-l7{\beta}$의 수준이 점차 증가 하였다. 2) 난황형성기 (9월~2월): 난모세포의 난황 형성이 관찰되며, GSI 값과 혈중 $estradiol-l7{\beta}$수준이 증가하였다; 3) 임신기 (2월${\~}$4월): 난소내에 발생중인 자어가 관찰되며, 2월에서 3월에 이르러 혈중 $17{\alpha}, 20{\beta}-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one$와 testosterone의 수준이 증가하였다: 4) 출산기 ($4{\~}5$월): GSI 값이 급격히 감소하면서 난소내에는 자어들의 출산된 흔적이 보였다: 5) 휴지기 ($5월$${\~}$7월) GSI값과 혈중 steroid hormone의 수준이 낮은 값을 유지하였다. 수컷의 생식년주기는 6단계로 나눌 수 있었다: 1) 정자형성 초기(4월${\~}$6월): GSI의 값과 혈중 steroid hormone의 수준이 점진적으로 증가하였으며, 정원세포의 포낭이 수가 증가하고 일부의 정모세포의 포낭들도 관찰되었다; 2) 정자형성 중기 (6월${\~}$9월): GSI의 값과 혈중 steroid hormone의 수준이 증가하고 많은 포낭내의 생식세포들이 활발하게 정자형성을 하고 있었다: 3) 정자형성기 후기 (9월${\~}$11월): GSI와 steroid hormone의 수준이 높은 값을 유지하고 있었으며, 정자들이 정세관 내강으로 방출되었다; 4) 정자 방출기 (11월${\~}$12월): 전세관의 내강이 확장되고 이 내강내에는 성숙된 정자들로 가득차 있었다: 5) 퇴화기 (12월${\~}$2월): GSI의 값이 점차로 감소하면서 정모세포의 포낭수도 점차로 감소하였다: 6) 휴지기 (2월${\~}$4월): 정소조직의 변화는 보이지 않았으며, GSI와 steroid hormone의 수준이 낮은 값을 유지하였다. 11월에 정소들의 정세관 내강에 성숙된 정자들로 가득차 있었고 난소내강에 정자괴들이 관찰되는 것으로 보아 이종의 교미시기는 11월과 12월사이라고 할 수 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.215-221
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• 2005

We investigated the effects of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on inflammatory response of iNOS and COX-2 expression in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide $(LPS;\;10{\mu}g/ml)$ for 24 hours were incubated with increasing amounts of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (1 and 100 nM). LPS was found to induce inflammatory response of iNOS and COX-2 mRNA and protein in VSMC. These processes were affected by male sex steroid hormones. For 3 hours, however, pretreatment of the cells with 100 nM each of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone suppressed LPS induced iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. RT-PCR analysis revealed that testosterone and dihydrotestosterone did not inhibit mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2 stimulated by 24 hours of LPS incubation. Proliferation rate was slower in VSMC treated with testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Testosterone enhanced androgen receptor expression, and LPS significantly reduced androgen receptor protein expression in VSMC. These results indicate that the expression of both iNOS and COX-2 proteins was suppressed by testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in LPS stimulated VSMC and leading to reduction of vascular inflammation.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.173-177
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• 2019

Objective: We investigated the clinical characteristics of men with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)-induced hypogonadism and its effect on assisted reproductive technology (ART) in infertile couples. Methods: This study examined the records of 20 consecutive male patients diagnosed with azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia (< 5 × 10⁶/mL) who visited a single infertility center from January 2008 to July 2018. All patients were treated at a primary clinic for erectile dysfunction or androgen deficiency symptoms combined with low serum testosterone. All men received a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor and TRT with testosterone undecanoate (Nebido^®) or testosterone enanthate (Jenasteron^®). Patients older than 50 years or with a chronic medical disease such as diabetes were excluded. Results: The mean age of patients was 37 years and the mean duration of infertility was 16.3 ± 11.6 months. At the initial presentation, eight patients had azoospermia, nine had cryptozoospermia, and three had severe oligozoospermia. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels were below 1.0 mIU/mL in most patients. Three ongoing ART programs with female factor infertility were cancelled due to male spermatogenic dysfunction; two of these men had normal semen parameters in the previous cycle. After withholding TRT, serum hormone levels and sperm concentrations returned to normal range after a median duration of 8 months. Conclusion: TRT with high-dose testosterone can cause spermatogenic dysfunction due to suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, with adverse effects on infertility treatment programs. TRT is therefore contraindicated for infertile couples attempting to conceive, and the patient's desire for fertility must be considered before initiation of TRT in a hypogonadal man.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2005년도 춘계 국제심포지엄 및 학술대회
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• pp.195-195
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• 2005

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.95.2-95
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• 2003

Ketoconazole is a well-studied drug that blocks fungal growth and testosterone synthesis in humans and rodents by inhibiting the activity of cytochrome P-450 enzymes. But there were no reports that ketoconazole affects on enzymes related to degradation of testosterone. Aromatase converts testosterone to estradiol. Change of aromatase protein level may destroy hormone homeostasis. (omitted)

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 1995

The effects of orchildectomy with/without testosterone replacement in wale rats, and ovarectomy with estrogen replacement in female rats on lipid peroxidation were studied in male and female rats fed with diets fortified with 20% w/w, soybean oil or palm oil for 4 months. Serum, liver and heart homogenates were assayed for malonaldehyde and conjugated diene levels. Orchidectomy was found to reduce levels of lipid peroxidation products in the serum, liver and heart. Testosterone replacement did not increase the lipid peroxidation products to levels in the non-orchildectomised rats, while estrogen did not influence lipid peroxidation significantly. Palm oil decreased, but soybean oil increased lipid peroxidation in the liver and heart of both the castrated and sex hormone-replaced male and female rats.