• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.59-62
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• 2018

Background: Several grip strength tests are commonly used for detecting sincerity of effort. However, there is still no widely accepted standardized sincerity of effort test. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether grip strength test in three wrist positions could distinguish between maximal and submaximal efforts. Methods: Twenty healthy individuals (10 men and 10 women) with a mean age of $26.7{\pm}3.92years$ participated in this study. All participants completed two test conditions (maximal and submaximal efforts) in three wrist positions (neutral, flexion, and extension) using both hands. Each participant exerted 100% effort in the maximal effort condition and 50% effort in the submaximal effort condition. The participants performed three repetitions of the grip strength test for each session. Results: The results showed that there is a significant main effect of the type of effort (p < 0.001), wrist position (p < 0.001), and hand (p = 0.028). There were also significant types of effort and wrist position interactions (p < 0.001) and effort and hand interactions (p < 0.028). The results also showed that grip strength was highest at the wrist in neutral position in both the maximal and the submaximal effort condition. Grip strength values of the three wrist positions in the maximal effort condition were noticeably greater than those in the submaximal effort condition. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that grip strength test in three wrist positions can differentiate a maximal effort from a submaximal effort. Thus, this test could potentially be used to detect sincerity of effort in clinical setting.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2013

지금까지는 FP, UCP, COCOMO 모델에 의하여 시험노력을 추정하거나, 또는 개발한 수많은 프로젝트 데이터 측정을 통하여 각 단계별 노력 투입 비율에 의거 시험단계에 투입된 시험노력을 추정하였다. 본 연구에서는 소프트웨어 시험노력 추정을 소프트웨어 개발노력 추정과 독립적으로 이루어질 수 있도록 시험노력 추정 모델을 만들고 또 시험노력 추정절차를 제시한다. 모델은 시험노력이 테스트 케이스의 수와 복잡도에 비례하는 특성을 반영하고, 통합시험, 시스템시험, 인수시험 등 시험 태스크를 수행하는 시험 조직의 역량에 영향을 받는 점을 고려하였다. 제시한 시험노력 추정 모델과 절차에 의해 기존의 프로젝트 데이터에 시험에 관련된 추정 데이터를 이용하여 시험노력을 추정한 결과와, 개발계획 수립을 위하여 추정한 개발노력 상에서 배분된 시험노력과 비교하였을 때 4.7% 정도의 오차를 보였다. 시험 조직이 갖는 기술적인 경험, 구축된 시험환경의 정도, 프로젝트의 복잡성과 개발조직의 환경 등을 측정하여 주어진 모델의 조정 계수 값에 반영한다면, 보다 정교한 독자적인 시험노력 추정이 가능하다.

• 정보처리학회논문지D
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• 제11D권4호
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• pp.885-892
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• 2004

소프트웨어 시험단계에 투입되는 노력의 분포를 추정하는 대표적인 모델로 Weibull 분포(Rayleigh와 지수분포 포함)가 있다. 이 모델은 시험 시작시점에서 실제로 많은 노력이 투입되는 점을 표현하지 못한다. 또한 다양한 형태를 갖고 있는 실제 시험 노력의 분포를 적절히 표현하지 못하고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 본 논문은 시그모이드 모델을 제안하였다. 신경망 분야에서 적용되고 있는 시그모이드 함수로부터 소프트웨어 시험 노력을 적절히 표현할 수 있도록 함수 형태를 변형시켰다 제안된 모델은 다양한 분포 형태를 보이고 있는 실제 수행된 소프트웨어 프로젝트로부터 얻어진 6개의 시험 노력 데이터에 적용하여 적합성을 검증하였다. 제안된 시그모이드 모델은 기존의 Weibull 모델보다 성능이 우수하여 소프트웨어 시험노력을 추정하는데 있어 와이블 모델의 대안으로 채택될 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2002년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집(2)
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• pp.93-96
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• 2002

It is said that the verification effort occupies about 50-70 percent of the total effort of a System-On-A-Chip. This paper aims to develop a test bench automation tool based on the abstraction of the interface protocols. This tool will allow designers to describe their test benches in a high level language such as C rather than VHDL or Verilog. It helps designers to save their verification time and effort.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.103-117
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• 2003

The aim of this study was to identify dimensions of salesperson´s effort according to older female(55+) customer's and fashion store salesperson's perspective and to examine what kind of effort dimensions are assessed to be more important than others. As a method, both literature review and empirical research were made. This study was performed in three stage from December in 2001 to May in 2002. For exploratory step. In-depth interview and observation study were done for gathering responses related to salesperson´s effort. in pilot study, 83 older female customers were surveyed and the data was analyzed in order to develop questionnaire. In the main research. 202 older female customers and 103 fashion store salespersons were surveyed in order to identify the dimensions of salesperson's effort. Statistical analyses were performed with SAS program using factor analysis. cronbach´a mean, t-test. paired t-test and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study were as follows. First, 5 factors was selected for the dimensions of salesperson´s effort in customer´s perception; friendliness, attentiveness. product competence. effective access and special treatment. Second, 5 factors was selected for the dimensions of salesperson's effort in salesperson´s performance; friendliness/ attentiveness. product competence. effective access. communication, and purchase exaction. Third. dimensions of salesperson's effort were different according to customer and salesperson's characteristics. Last, there were significant differences in the salesperson's efforts between customers´perception and salespersons´Performance.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.687-708
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between cognitive conflict and students' causal attributions and to find out what kinds of attributions affect successful resolution of cognitive conflict in learning physics. Twenty-nine college students who attended a base general physics course took an attribution test and a conceptual pretest related to action and reaction concept. Of these, twenty students who revealed alternative conceptions were selected. They were confronted with a discrepant demonstration and took part in the cognitive conflict level test, a posttest, and delayed posttest. Those students who experienced high levels of cognitive conflict were selected and interviewed to find out what kinds of attributions affect resolving the conflict. When confronted with the discrepant event, the students who attributed success outcomes to "effort" experienced higher levels of cognitive conflict than those to "task difficulty." However, those students who revealed high levels of cognitive conflict and attributed success outcomes to effort did not always produce conceptual change. They had different perspectives on effort and conducted different effort activities to resolve the cognitive conflict. In addition, these effort activities appeared to include their motivational beliefs, metacognitive and volitional strategies. The results of this study indicate that in order for the conflicts to lead to change, students need to have the perspective on effort implying the use of the self-regulated learning strategy and to conduct effort activities based on them. Beyond cold conceptual change, this article suggests that there is a management strategy of cognitive conflict in the classroom context.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.108-117
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• 1995

The primary purpose of this extensive test effort was to observe real-time operational performance characteristics associated with automotive grade fuel utilized by piston engine powered light aviation aircraft. In fulfillment of this effort, baseline engine operations were established with 100LL aviation grade fuel followed by four blends of automotive grade fuel. A comprehensive sea-level-static test cell/flight test data collection and evaluation effort were conducted to review operational characteristics of a carbureted light aircraft piston engine as related to fuel volatility, fuel temperature, and fuel system pressure. Presented herein are results, data, and conclusions drawn from test cell engine operation as well as flight test operation on 100LL aviation grade and four blends of automotive grade fuel.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2003

Proper door effort, required force to open or close a vehicle door, is an essential door design factor for the safety of passengers and pedestrians. Section shape of the door checker arm is the most influential design parameter for achieving a door effort design target. In this research. an analysis procedure to predict door effort using a simplified plane strain finite element model wes investigated for two passenger cars, for which mechanism of checker systems were: different. The variation of checker arm force to be required during moving on arm in opening and closing direction was estimated through analysis, and the result was transformed to the door effort with respect to door opening angle by considering door characteristics. Also, the self·closing force due to door weight was theoretically calculated and added to the door effort from checker arm force. Finally the estimated results of door effort were compared with test results.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.218-227
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• 2018

Vocal effort detection is important for both robust speech recognition and speaker recognition. In this paper, the spectral information entropy feature which contains more salient information regarding the vocal effort level is firstly proposed. Then, the model fusion method based on complementary model is presented to recognize vocal effort level. Experiments are conducted on isolated words test set, and the results show the spectral information entropy has the best performance among the three kinds of features. Meanwhile, the recognition accuracy of all vocal effort levels reaches 81.6%. Thus, potential of the proposed method is demonstrated.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dual-task training with cognitive effort on the walking and balance functions of chronic stroke patients. The study included 14 chronic stroke patients, who were randomly divided into the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG), each with 7 patients. The EG performed the dual-task training with cognitive effort 3 times a week, 30 minutes for 4 weeks, where as the CG performed single-task training three times a week, for 30 minutes for 4 weeks. Outcome assessments were made with 10 m walk test, timed up and go test, 6 minutes walk test, and Berg balance scale. In within-group comparison, subjects from the EG showed significant differences in all variables (p<.05), while subjects from the CG showed only significant differences in 6 minutes walk test, and Berg balance scale (p<.05). Further, there was significant difference in the improvement rate of 10 m walk test. The findings suggest that the dual-task with cognitive effort may be beneficial for improving walking and balance functions of patients with chronic stroke.