• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.290-296
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• 2007

Glinus oppositifolius and Trianthema decandra belonging to the Ficoidaceae family were commonly used by tribal peoples for the treatment of liver disorders and cancer. The preliminary phytochemical screening of those plants showed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins and saponins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activities of the methanol extracts of Glinus oppositifolius (MEGO) and Trianthema decandra (METD). The antioxidative capacities of MEGO and METD were determined by the following four complementary assay; DPPH radical scavenging assay, superoxide anion generation by xanthine-xanthine Oxidase assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and $Fe^{2+}$-ascorbate induced by lipid peroxidation assay. The $IC_{50}$ values of the both extracts were calculated from the inhibition curve. The $IC_{50}$ MEGO and METD in DPPH, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation assay are 1.85, 7.31, 13.95, 22.82 and 2.21, 9.78, 14.87, 19.76 ${\mu}g/ml$ respectively. Both the extracts exhibited a significant antioxidant effects.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.238-244
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• 2009

Gymnosporia rothiana (walp) Lawson (celastraceae), commonly known as Maytenus rothiana, is used in Indian folk medicine as an antiulcerogenic agent. However, there have been no scientific reports regarding its antiulcer activity. Therefore, this study was intended to evaluate the antiulcer property of petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanolic extract of leaves of Gymnosporia rothiana at different dose levels in ethanol induced and indomethacin induced gastric ulcer models. It was observed that oral administration of all the extract of Gymnosporia rothiana produces significant reduction in ulcer lesion index as well as increase in volume and pH of gastric content in both experimental models, being petroleum ether extract the most effective at dose of 250 mg/kg; it significantly reduced gastric lesion index (70.06%), in comparison to omeprazole (71.20%) and methanolic extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg (67.22%). Increased gastric mucosal defense mechanism by petroleum ether extract is probably due to its high levels of terpenoids like $\beta$ amyrin, lupeol acetate. The present results clearly shows antiulcer effect of Gymnosporia rothiana against various irritants has been mainly due to cytoprotective effect mediated through prostaglandin and partly due to free radical scavenging activity.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.175-192
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• 2006

Screening for the cytotoxicity from plant origin is the first stage for anti-cancer drug development. A variety of terpenoids with exomethylene, epoxide, allyl, $\alpha,\beta-unsaturated$ carbonyl, acetylenes, and $\alpha-methylene-\gamma-lactone$ induces apoptosis and/or differentiation as well as cytotoxicity through the ROS signal transduction pathways. These are found among monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids, coumarins, diarylheptanoids, and even organosulfuric compounds. The most essential characteristics of natural cytotoxic substances is to possess the strong electrophilicity that is susceptible to nucleophilic biomolecules in the cell. Thiol-reductants and superoxide dismutase can block or delay apoptosis. Thus, ROS and the resulting cellular redox-potential changes can be parts of the signal transduction pathway during apoptosis. Disturbance of the balance of oxireduction by the pigment of natural quinones also caused the induction of the differentiation and apoptosis. Saponins with the cytotoxicity are restricted to their monodesmosides, rather than to bisdesmosides. Those saponins exhibited calcium ion-mediated apoptosis in addition to cytotoxicity whereas they showed also differentiation without extracellular calcium ion. The properties on cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and differentiation were assumed to depend on resultant oxidative stress to the cells. In this review, we describe a spectrum of cytotoxic compounds with various action mechanisms.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.127-137
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• 2011

Twenty-four compounds were isolated from the 70% ethanolic extract of Rehmanniae Radix (Scrophulariaceae) cultivated in Ubo-myeon, Gunwi-gun, Gyeongbuk province, Korea and their structures were identified as four iridoids [6-O-(4''-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranosyl) vanilloyl ajugol (17), ajugol (18), aucubin (19), and catalpol (20)], three phenethyl alcohol glycosides [decaffeoyl acteoside (15), isoacteoside (16), and acteoside (21)], five sugar derivatives [ethyl ${\beta}$-D-fructofuranoside (7), eleutheroside C (14), mannitol (22), raffinose (23), and stachyose (24)], two terpenoids [remophilanetriol (4) and glutinolic acid (11)], a lignan, paulownin (2), and eight others [${\beta}$-sitosterol (1), daucosterol (6), monopalmitin (3), pinellic acid (9), uracil (5), adenosine (12), jio-cerebroside (10), aeginetic acid 5-O-${\beta}$-D-quinovoside (8), aeginetoyl ajugol 5''-O-${\beta}$-D-quinovoside (13)]. The chemical structures of these compounds were identified on the basis of spectroscopic methods and comparison with literature values. Among these compounds, paulownin (2), monopalmitin (3), uracil (5), daucosterol (6), ethyl ${\beta}$-D-fructo-furanoside (7), and eleutheroside C (14) were isolated from this plant for the first time.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

Floral scent emitted from many plants is the key factor for pollinator attraction and defense for survival in nature and is important industrial materials for perfumery as well. It is a complex mixture of various organic molecules with a high volatility or a high vapor pressure. In general, floral scents are divided into three categories, aliphatics, terpenoids, and phenylpropanoids/benzenoids, based on its origin. About 1,700 scent compounds have been identified and their biochemistry and molecular biology also have elucidated their biosynthesis from various flowering plants during the last ten years. In addition to improvement of vase life, flower color and shape, and/or disease resistance, floral scent is coming up to the major breeding target for improvement of marketability. Therefore, metabolic engineering can be an important tool in near future and may be able to facilitate the breeding program for novel cultivar selection and improvement of marketability of floricultural crops.

• CELLMED
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.22.1-22.12
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• 2014

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. is a dense evergreen tree of the family Thymelaeceae. This plant is popular with the name of Mahkota dewa, which is literally translated as God's Crown. All parts of this plant including fruits, seeds, stem, and leaves have well known therapeutic properties and have been extensively used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, allergies, kidney disorders, blood diseases, stroke, and acne with satisfactory results. Scientific findings on bioactivities of P. macrocarpa also demonstrated different pharmacological properties of various parts of this plant including cytotoxic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antihypertensive activities. Phytochemicals studies of P. macrocarpa revealed the presence of several classes of compounds such as benzophenones, terpenoids, xanthones, lignans, acids, and sugars. This review aims to provide a critical overview on botanical description, traditional usage, phytochemicals, and pharmacological activities of P. macrocarpa.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1018-1023
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• 2003

From the stems and fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten, eight flavonoids, kaempferol (1), quercetin (2), kaempferol 3-methyl ether (3), quercetin 3-methyl ether (4), narcissin (5), (+)-dihydrokaempferol (aromadendrin, 6), (+)-dihydroquercetin (taxifolin, 7), eriodictyol (8), and two terpenoids, (6S,9S)-3-oxo-$\alpha-ionol-\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (9) and corchoionoside C (10) were isolated and identified by means of chemical and spectroscopic. Among these isolates, compounds 3∼5 and 8∼10 were reported for the first time from the stems and fruits of O. ficusindica var. saboten.

• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.10-17
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• 2018

Capsicum frutescen is known in Sudan, is one of the most commonly used pepper species in cooking and in Sudanese folk medicine. The present study was conducted to investigate antimicrobial (bacteria and fungi) and cytotoxicity (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) of methanolic extract of Capsicum frutescen (fruits). The extract have been tested in the present study to investigate the in vitro potential effects against Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. The selected organisms were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Candida albicans using the cup plate agar diffusion method. The methanol extract of Capsicum frutescen (fruits) exhibited inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli with zone of inhibition (23 mm) and Klebsiella pneumonia with zone of inhibition (17 mm). The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Tannins, Saponin, Alkaloids, Anthroquinoles and Terpenoids. The Cytotoxicity of methanolic extract of Capsicum frutescens was $LD_{50}$ $64.68{\mu}g/ml$. The activity and presence of compounds known to be biologically active are a validation for the use of Capsicum as a food ingredient and as a therapeutic element of traditional medicine.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.35 no.1 s.136
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• pp.35-40
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• 2004

Seven terpenoids, trans-phytol (1), ${\alpha}-spinasterol$ (2),${\beta}-sitosterol$ (3), oleanolic acid (4), traxasterol (5), ${\alpha}-spinasterol\;3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (8), ${\beta}-spinasterol\;3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (9), and three glycerides, 3-O-(9Z, 12Z, 15Z-octadecatrienoyl) glycerol (6), 3-O-(9Z, 12Z-octadecadienoyl) glycerol (7), 1, 2-O-(9Z, 12Z, 15Z-dioctadecatrienoyl)-3-O-${\beta}$- D-galactopyranosyl glycerol (10) were isolated from n-hexane fraction of the aerial parts of Saussurea nutans which was used as Korean traditional medicine to σeat rheumatic arthritis and dysmenorrhea. Their structures were established by chemical and spectroscopic methods.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.275-283
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the various roles and effects of Morinda citrifolia L.(noni) on the human body and to utilize the findings obtained for future disease related research on food and nutrition. Morinda citrifolia L. has been used in folk medicine by Polynesians for over 2,000 years and is reported to have a broad range of therapeutic effects. Noni is an alkaloid system such as proxeronine, scopoletin, octanoic acid, terpenoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, nordamnacanthal, morindone, rubiadin, b-sitosterol, flavone glycosides, linoleic acid, acubin, L-asperuloside, caproic acid, caprylic acid, ursolic acid, rutin. Noni's side effects have been reported to affect anti-inflammatory, analgesics, LDL antioxidant, anti-tumor, antifungal, antibiotic, antiviral, antiparasitic and immunosuppressive effects. In particular, noni's efficacy is considered to be important for the prevention of diseases by inhibiting active oxygen, which is a direct cause of oxidative stress, through various metabolites through 'xeronine system'. Noni's functions and effects that have been examined in this study include anti-inflammation, pain relief, antioxidant, anticancer, hepatocyte protection among others. Therefore, noni's extracts are considered highly useful for diverse scientific and nutritional health functional foods.