• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.158-161
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• 1999

We determined threshold environmental factros to initiate infection of pepper plants by Botrytis cinerea, a fungal pathogen of pepper gray mold, in two greenhouse conditions. A new efficient spore-trapping method was developed to estimate population density of airborne conidia in the greenhouses, and spore release was measured using a Kerssies' selective medium. At a given day, spores were released greater during daytime (mostly from 7:30 am to 10:30 am and at 4:30 pm) than nighttime. Diurnal and nocturnal temperatures in the greenhouse-1 were about $25^{\circ}$ and $17^{\circ}$,and relative humidity was 100% for prolonged 24 h due to rain on December 17, 1997. Population density of air-borne conidia was 3.0$\times$103 conidia/ $0.5\textrm{m}^3$ after two days, and the initial infection occurred in ten days. During the same period of time in the greenhouse-2, diurnal temperature was about $25^{\circ}$ and nocturnal temperature was below $15^{\circ}$, and population density of air-borne conidia was 104 conidia/ $0.5\textrm{m}^3$. Under these conditions, the initial infection started in three days. This indicates that the early infection occurs under which diurnal temperature is approximately $25^{\circ}$, nocturnal temperature is maintained below $15^{\circ}$, and population density of air-borne conidia is 104 conidia/ $0.5\textrm{m}^3$ at saturated relative humidity condition.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.129-140
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• 1997

본 논문에서는 인간 생리 및 생활에 가장 기본이 되는 온도, 상대습도를 기초로 하여 인간의 열긴장도를 측정하여 우리나라의 열감분포의 특성을 파악하였다. 연구 방법은 열지수 분석을 중심으로 하였다. 열지수는 습도계산도에서, 월별 열지수 및 연누적 열지수를 계산하여 한국의 연누적 열지수 분포도를 작성하였다. 연누적 열지수 분포의 분석 결과는 우리 나라의 대부분 지역이 한랭긴장도가 나타나는 지역이고 남쪽에서 북쪽으로, 해안에서 내륙으로 갈수록 한랭긴장도가 높아지고 있다. 특히 삼지연. 풍산, 장진을 중심으로 한 개마고원 지역이 높은 한랭긴장도 지역이고, 제주와 서귀포룰 포함한 제주도 지역이 가장 낮은 긴장도를 보이고 있다. 전자는 겨울에 시베리아 기단의 영향을 직접 받고. 고도가 매우 높은 내륙 산지 지역이기 때문이고, 후자는 위도와 바다의 영향으로 특히 겨울에 온화한 지역이기 때문이다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.1084-1095
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of clothing materials and the opening of the garment on the microclimate of the skin simulating system during the coupled heat and moisture transfer. To determine the effect of size and location of openness of the garment, openness was simulated by removing parts of the spacer ring of the modelling system. To evaluate the changes of humidity and temperature of air layer in the system, buffering indice, Kd and Pr, and efficiency of openness were determined. When the openness was imparted to the system, the transport rate of heat and moisture increased abruptly; at the total openness of 26.4%, which simulated the openness of neck, armhole and waist, Kd increased at least more than three times of the closed system. As the openness increased, the effect of clothing materials decreased gradually to lose its effect at the 60% openness and approached the value of nude. Temperature regulating index showed, however, higher value than nude which was apparently due to the still air layer.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.868-877
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• 2005

We performed the experimental and the numerical study on the comparison of thermal comfort performance indices for cooling loads in the lecture room for 4 cases: Fan coil unit(FCU) or 4-way cassette air-conditioner is respectively operated with the ventilation system or without. We measured the velocity, the temperature distribution and predicted mean vote(PMV) value in the lecture room for 4 different air-conditioning methods. Effective draft temperature(EDT) and PMV were investigated to analyze the characteristics of two thermal comfort indices in the lecture room and to compare their values each other. From the results we knew that there is the similarity between PMV values and EDTs when the room is air-conditioned for cooling loads. It turned out that definition of the control temperature is very important when the EDT is calculated. Finally EDT should not be used to predict the accurate thermal comfort in case that the temperature and humidity are suddenly varied and the zone affected by the solar and inner wall radiation.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.46-51
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• 2014

Objectives: The principal aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of gaseous pollutants emitted in enclosed pig buildings between different rates of general ventilation and determine the variations in the patterns of gaseous pollutants as affected by ventilation rate. Materials and Methods: The experiment was performed in the growing/finishing room($20.0m{\times}12.0m{\times}3.0m$) of a pig confinement building located on the experimental farm of Seoul National University. The conditions of the general ventilation rate for three treatments were 30%($4.12m^3s^{-1}$), 50%($6.87m^3s^{-1}$) and 70%($9.61m^3s^{-1}$). The data presented in the study were collected overa total of 45 days, 15 days for each of the three treatments from March to May 2011. A total of six air samplings were taken at 1.5m above the floor of the pig building. The environmental agents measured in the pig building were ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and odor concentration index for gaseous pollutants with temperature and hydrogen sulfide for thermal factors. Results: There were significant differences in the ammonia and odor concentration index in the pig building among the three general ventilation rate conditions(p<0.05), whereas hydrogen sulfide did not show a significant difference among three conditions of general ventilation rate(p>0.05). As the general ventilation rate applied to the pig building increases, it appears that all the indoor environmental agents measured in this study simultaneously decrease. Conclusions: The gaseous pollutants significantly affected by the general ventilation rate in pig building were ammonia and odor concentration index(p<0.05). However, it was found that hydrogen sulfide and thermal factors, temperature and relative humidity were not influenced significantly by variation in the general ventilation rate.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.800-803
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• 2004

The refractive index of the laser interferometer is compensated using the simultaneously measured variations of room temperature and humidity in the method. In order to investigate the limit of compensation, the stationary test against two fixed reflectors mounted on the zerodur plate is performed firstly. From the experiment, it is confirmed that the measuring error of the laser interferometer can be improved from 0.12$\mu$m to 0.17$\mu$m by the application of the method. Secondly, for the verification of the compensating effect, it is applied to estimate the positioning accuracy of an ultra precision aerostatic stage. Two times of the refractive index compensation are performed to acquire the positioning error of the stage from the initially measured data, that is, to the initially measured positioning error and to the measured positioning error profile after the NC compensation. Although the positioning error of anaerostatic stage cannot be clarified perfectly, it is known that by the compensation method, the measuring error by the laser interferometer can be improved to within 0.15$\mu$m. English here.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2008

Under the all India programme of evaluation of mulberry and silkworm genotypes, twelve bivoltine silkworm breeds obtained from Central Silkworm Germplasm Resource Centre, Hosur (CSGRC) were evaluated at the bivoltine silkworm breeding laboratory, Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute, Mysore (CSR&TI). These breeds were tested during September-October 2003, August-September 2004 and February-March 2005. The average temperature and humidity during September-October 2003 was $26.5^{\circ}C$ and 72.6% RH, while during August-September 2004, it was $26.5^{\circ}C$ and 75.2% RH and during February-March 2005 it was $24^{\circ}C$ and 48% RH respectively. The performance of the breeds in respect of 21 traits was studied and statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (Singh and Choudhary, 1985). Silkworm breeds were short-listed using multiple trait evaluation index method as suggested by Mano et at., (1993). Evaluation Index values were calculated for all the 11 traits of economic importance and six breeds were short-listed based on average index value 50 and above 50. Two breed viz., BV 183 (SMGS-1) have recorded average E.I. >50 in 10 traits (except in neatness) and ranked first and the breed BV 262 (SMGS9) with E.I. value >50 in nine traits except in cocoon weight and neatness ranked second, in the order of merit. These two breeds may be selected as resource material for evolving region specific silkworm breeds.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2024

Oversampling algorithms are methods employed in the field of machine learning to address the constraints associated with data quantity. This study aimed to explore the variations in reliability as data volume is progressively increased through the use of oversampling algorithms. For this purpose, the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) and the borderline synthetic minority oversampling technique (BSMOTE) are chosen. The data inputs, which included air temperature, humidity, and wind speed, are parameters used in the Fosberg Fire-Weather Index (FFWI). Starting with a base of 52 entries, new data sets are generated by incrementally increasing the data volume by 10% up to a total increase of 100%. This augmented data is then utilized to predict FFWI using a deep neural network. The coefficient of determination (R²) is calculated for predictions made with both the original and the augmented datasets. Suggesting that increasing data volume by more than 50% of the original dataset quantity yields more reliable outcomes. This study introduces a methodology to alleviate the challenge of establishing a standard for data augmentation when employing oversampling algorithms, as well as a means to assess reliability.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.283-290
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• 2005

Objectives : The aim of this paper was to examine the relationship between the summertime (June to August) heat index, which quantifies the bioclimatic apparent temperature in sultry weather, and the daily disease-related mortality in Seoul for the period from 1991 to 2000. Methods : The daily maximum (or minimum) summertime heat indices, which show synergetic apparent temperatures, were calculated from the six hourly temperatures and real time humidity data for Seoul from 1991 to 2000. The disease-related daily mortality was extracted with respect to types of disease, age and sex, etc. and compared with the time series of the daily heat indices. Results : The summertime mortality in 1994 exceeded the normal by 626 persons. Specifically, blood circulation-related and cancer-related mortalities increased in 1994 by 29.7% (224 persons) and 15.4% (107 persons), respectively, compared with those in 1993. Elderly persons, those above 65 years, were shown to be highly susceptible to strong heat waves, whereas the other age and sex-based groups showed no significant difference in mortality. In particular, a heat wave episode on the 22nd of July 2004 ($>45^{\circ}C$ daily heat index) resulted in double the normal number of mortalities after a lag time of 3 days. Specifically, blood circulation-related mortalities, such as cerebral infraction, were predominant causes. Overall, a critical mortality threshold was reached when the heat index exceeded approximately $37^{\circ}C$, which corresponds to human body temperature. A linear regression model based on the heat indices above $37^{\circ}C$, with a 3 day lag time, accounted for 63% of the abnormally increased mortality (${\geq}+2$ standard deviations). Conclusions : This study revealed that elderly persons, those over 65 years old, are more vulnerable to mortality due to abnormal heat waves in Seoul, Korea. When the daily maximum heat index exceeds approximately $37^{\circ}C$, blood circulation-related mortality significantly increases. A linear regression model, with respect to lag-time, showed that the heat index based on a human model is a more dependable indicator for the prediction of hot weather-related mortality than the ambient air temperature.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.40-45
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• 2007

The effects of drying methods on the physicochemical properties of chaga (Inonotus obliquus) mushroom powder were investigated. Scanning electron micrograph revealed that freeze drying produced smaller particle- sized samples which in turn resulted in higher porosity than did vacuum and hot-air drying. Samples prepared by freeze drying showed a significantly higher L*-value as compared with those prepared by hot-air drying and vacuum drying (p<0.05). The lightness (L*-value) significantly decreased with increasing relative humidity and storage temperature regardless of drying method (p<0.05). The yellowness (b*-value) increased significantly with increasing relative humidity (p<0.05). Browning index was significantly lower in samples prepared by freeze drying (p<0.05) but not significantly different between samples dried by hot-air and vacuum drying. Freeze dried sample exhibited a significantly higher degree of rehydration than other samples (p<0.05) probably due to the small particle size. Water solubility of the freeze dried sample was higher than those of the other methods while swelling ratio of the same sample appeared to be lower than those of others. Freeze dried chaga mushroom powder contained significantly lower amount of total phenolics and total sugar as compared to other samples (p<0.05).