• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2005

Response surface methodology(RSM) was applied to monitor the elimination rate of heavy metals(Pb, Cd) and soluble solids depending on the steaming and roasting conditions of Polygonatum odoratum roots. Experiments of 16 different steaming and roasting conditions based on a central composite design for steaming time($60{\sim}180$ min), roasting temperature($110{\sim}150^{\circ}C$), and roasting time($10{\sim}50$ min) were conducted, thereby predicting the steaming and roasting conditions for the maximal responses; soluble solids($71.47\%$) at 65.24 min, $126.93^{\circ}C$ and 37.58 min; Pb removal rate($18.87\%$) at 71.23 min, $119.81^{\circ}C$ and 24.35 min; Cd removal rate($50,85\%$) at 160.89 min, $126.43^{\circ}C$ and 15.81 min, respectively. The optimum conditions estimated by RSM for the maximized values of soluble solids and heavy metal elimination rates were $165{\sim}180$ min of steaming time, $120{\sim}135^{\circ}C$ of roasting temperature, and $30{\sim}45$ min of roasting time, respectively. These estimated values were in agreement with those measured by real experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.20-38
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• 2014

Vegetation phenology is the most important indicator of ecosystem response to climate change. Therefore it is necessary to continuously monitor forest phenology. This paper analyzes the phenological characteristics of forests in South Korea using the MODIS vegetation index with error from clouds or other sources removed using the HANTS algorithm. After using the HANTS algorithm to reduce the noise of the satellite-based vegetation index data, we were able to confirm that phenological transition dates varied strongly with altitudinal gradients. The dates of the start of the growing season, end of the growing season and the length of the growing season were estimated to vary by +0.71day/100m, -1.33day/100m and -2.04day/100m in needleleaf forests, +1.50day/100m, -1.54day/100m and -3.04day/100m in broadleaf forests, +1.39day/100m, -2.04day/100m and -3.43day/100m in mixed forests. We found a linear pattern of variation in response to altitudinal gradients that was related to air temperature. We also found that broadleaf forests are more sensitive to temperature changes compared to needleleaf forests.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.423-429
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• 2014

Development of a reservoir pressure core sampler (PCS) with a built-in data logging system (DLS) for recording real-time temperature and pressure observations is critical in domestic hydrocarbon production to accurately measure and monitor reserves of shale gas, coalbed methane, and gas-hydrate. Another purpose of this new technology is to minimize the loss of gas from the core as the drill core is collected. This is accomplished by maintaining the pressure of the sample from the moment the drill core is obtained at depth, thus allowing an accurate analysis of shale gas, coalbed methane gas, and gashydrate within the core. Currently, the United States and European countries have monopolized the development and marketability of PCS technologies. We are thus developing a reservoir PCS by analyzing the operating principle and mechanisms of the existing PCS, and by conducting tests on the existing PCS. We further aim to develop a PCS with a maximum operating pressure of 100 bar, a maximum operating temperature of $-20^{\circ}C$ to $40^{\circ}C$, and a pressure loss rate of 10%.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 1993

The average concentration of Pb in 53 samples of canned orange juice currently sold in Korean market was 0.225 mg/kg, and that of Sn, 40.7 mg/kg. There was no appreciable difference in Pb concentration according to elapsed time after manufacturing, whereas Sn concentration increased 0.66 mg/kg per month. During the storage at room temperature or in refrigerator after opening, the Pb concentration increased slowly, reaching 1.7 to 1.8 times of original concentration, whereas Sn concentration increased by 20% per day, resulting in 3 times of original concentration after 7 days. There were no serious changes in Pb and Sn concentration in storage at room temperature or refrigerator for 3 days, when juice samples were opened and transferred to glass container. It is needed that detailed inspection by undertaken to monitor the contents of heavy metals in canned orange juice, since 18% of samples within recommended distribution period exceeded the legal standard for Pb, and recommended that more attention be paid in handling canned orange juice after opening, in order to avoid the hazard from heavy metals.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2011

The practice of asphalt pavement recycling has grown rapidly over the decade, one of which is the cold in-place recycling with the foamed asphalt (CIR-foam) or the emulsified asphalt (CIR-emulsion). Particularly, in Iowa, the CIR has been widely used in rehabilitating the rural highways because it significantly increases the service life of the existing pavement. The CIR layer is typically overlaid by the hot mix asphalt (HMA) to protect it from water ingress and traffic load and obtain the required pavement structure and texture. Most public agencies have different curing requirements based on the number of curing days or the maximum moisture contents for the CIR before placing the overlay. The main objective of this study is to develop a moisture loss index that the public agency can use to monitor the moisture content of CIR layers in preparation for a timely placement of the wearing surface. First, the moisture contents were measured in the field using a portable time domain reflectometry (TDR) device. Second, the weather information in terms of rain fall, air temperature, humidity and wind speed was collected from the same location. Finally, a moisture loss index was developed as a function of initial moisture content, air temperature, humidity and wind speed. The developed moisture loss index based on the field measurements would help the public agency to determine an optimum timing of an overlay placement without continually measuring moisture conditions in the field.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.100-108
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• 1986

This study was carried out in order to investigate protein cross-linking in freeze-dried meat of flounder (Limanda herzensteini). Changes in solubility or extractability of proteins and electrophoretic patterns of the extracted proteins were determined to monitor the cross-linking during the storage of freeze-dried meat. Development of nonenzymatic browning and the loss of in vitro protein digestibilily were also measured to assess their influences on the changes of functional and nutritional properties of proteins. In addition, the effects of lysine added, and removal of fat and water extractives were also mentioned. The extractability of protein decreased upon storage time and temperature, and the loss of solubility of myosin was evident. In case of the samples stored at $5^{\circ}C$ for 150 days, the extractability of protein decreased $26.4\%$, while that of the samples stored at $20^{\circ}C$ for 60 days decreased about $39.7\%$. And it was noted that the loss of solubility of myosin was $68.3\%$ and $98.1%$ for the same storage conditions, respectively. It was noteworthy that the samples treated with $L-lysine{\cdot}HCl$ seemed to prevent more or less the loss of protein solubility, in that, even stored at $20^{\circ}C$ for 120 days, revealed only $57.03\%$ decrease. The nonenzymatic browning was proceeded with the increase of storage temperature, especially, in the samples treated with glucose. This suggests that the decrease in extractibility of myosin was accompanied by the extent of browning. But the browning was retarded in defatted samples. The in vitro apparent protein digestibility was also higher in the samples defatted or water extracted. It was suggested from these results that changes in properties of proteins in freeze dried fish meat were led by the protein cross-linking which was attributed to Maillard type of reactions and protein-lipid interactions.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.21-32
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• 2017

This study is a descriptive investigation for understanding factors influencing the length of stay in the postanesthesia care unit of elderly patients. Retrospective investigation was conducted on 300 patients aged 65 or older among those who had received an operation under general anesthesia and treated in postanesthesia care unit of hospital C located in Gyeonggi-do, from January 1 to December 31, 2014. The patients' average postanesthesia care unit stay was found to be 48.4 minutes and the 30-59 minute section accounted for the highest part with 58.0%. The postanesthesia care unit stay time according to intra-operative factors showed significant differences depending upon muscle relaxants, transfusion, ABGA, body temperature and total hours under anesthesia. Concerning the post anesthesia care unit stay length according to post-operative factors, significant differences were observed depending upon complications, PCA device, and circulatory drug use. In order to find out factors influencing the post anesthesia care unit stay length, the multiple regression analysis was conducted. As a result, the circulatory drug use and intra-operative lower body temperature were found to have an effect on the post anesthesia care unit stay length with the total explanatory power of 13%. Based on these findings above, it is deemed helpful to carefully monitor factors related to the post anesthesia care unit stay length and provide swift response accordingly for shorter post anesthesia care unit stay time of elderly general anesthesia patients.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.845-852
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• 2003

This study deals with the relationship between the red tide occurrence and the meteorological and marine factors, the prediction of areas where the red tide is likely to occur based on the information, and the satellite monitoring for the red tide in mid-South Sea of Korea. From 1990 to 2001, the red tide was observed every year and the number of occurrences increased as well. The red tide mostly occurred in July, August, and September. The most important meteorological factor governing the mechanisms of the increase in the number of red tide occurrences is found to be a heavy precipitation. It was found that the favorable marine environmental conditions for the red tide formation are some of marine factors such as the warm water temperature, the low salinity, the high suspended solid, the low phosphorus, and the low nitrogen. The necessary conditions for the red tide occurrence are found to be the heavy precipitation (23.4-54.5 mm) for 2∼4 days, the warm temperature $(24.6∼25.9^{\circ}C)$, proper sunshine (2∼10.3 h), and light winds (2∼4.6 m/s & SW) for the day in red tide occurrence. It was possible to monitor the spatial distributions and concentration of the red tide using the satellite images. It was found that the likely areas for red tide occurrence in August 2000 were Yosu - Dolsan coast, Gamak bay, Namhae coast, Marado coast, Goheung coast, and Deukryang bay.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.323-328
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• 2003

This study deals with the relationship between the red tide occurrence and the meteorological and marine factors, the prediction of areas where the red tide is likely to occur based on the information, and the satellite monitoring for the red tide in mid-South Sea of Korea. From 1990 to 2001, the red tide was observed every year and the number of occurrences increased as well. The red tide mostly occurred in July, August, and September. The most important meteorological factor governing the mechanisms of the increase in the number of red tide occurrences is found to be a heavy precipitation. It was found that the favorable marine environmental conditions for the red tide formation are some of marine factors such as the warm water temperature, the low salinity, the high suspended solid, the low phosphorus, and the low nitrogen. The necessary conditions for the red tide occurrence are found to be the heavy precipitation (23.4∼54.5 mm) for 2∼4 days, the warm temperature (24.64-25.85 $^{\circ}C$), proper sunshine (2∼10.3 h), and light winds (2∼4.6 m/s & SW) for the day in red tide occurrence. It was possible to monitor the spatial distributions and concentration of the red tide using the satellite images. It was found from this study that the likely areas for red tide occurrence in August 2000 were Yosu ∼ Dolsan coast, Gamak bay, Namhae coast, Marado coast, Goheung coast, and Deukryang bay.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2003

We investigated the distribution of sea ice using various microwave remote sensing techniques including radar altimeter, radiometer, and scatterometer data in the part of Drake passage, Antarctica, between the area 45$^{\circ}$-75$^{\circ}$W and 55$^{\circ}$-66$^{\circ}$S. Topex/poseidon radar altimeter data were used to analyze the monthly distribution of sea ice surface area between 1992 and 1999 by using Geo_bad_1 flag or MGDR. From satellite radiometer measurements of DMSP's SSM/I, sea ice concentration was extracted during the period from 1993 to 1996. To select a value of ice concentration, normally ranging from 0 to 100%, that can be used as a critical value of judging the existence for ice, sea ice areas estimated from various ice concentrations of radiometer measurements were correlated with the area estimated from the radar altimeter measurements. As a result, 20% of ice concentration was selected, and, then this value was used to integrate radiometer data with radar altimeter and ERS-1/2 scatterometer data. To indirectly verify the result, the last 20 year's sea ice concentration was correlated with surface temperature data near Esper-anza Observation Station. The two data showed a high correlation coefficient of 0.86. The amount of sea ice and temperature variation were found to be closely related in the study area, and this indirectly verifies the result of this study. We provided a method to judge the existence of sea ice from ice concentration of satellite radiometer data and suggested a method to monitor more detailed temporal and spatial variation of sea ice distribution by integra-tion of various microwave remote sensing techniques.