• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.99-110
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• 2021

This study presents the estimation of crack depth by analyzing temperatures extracted from thermal images and environmental parameters such as air temperature, air humidity, illumination. The statistics of all acquired features and the correlation coefficient among thermal images and environmental parameters are presented. The concrete crack depths were predicted by four different machine learning models: Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting (GB), and AdaBoost (AB). The machine learning algorithms are validated by the coefficient of determination, accuracy, and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The AB model had a great performance among the four models due to the non-linearity of features and weak learner aggregation with weights on misclassified data. The maximum depth 11 of the base estimator in the AB model is efficient with high performance with 97.6% of accuracy and 0.07% of MAPE. Feature importances, permutation importance, and partial dependence are analyzed in the AB model. The results show that the marginal effect of air humidity, crack depth, and crack temperature in order is higher than that of the others.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2020

High-resolution meteorological simulations were conducted using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with an Urban Canopy Model (UCM) in the Ulsan Metropolitan Region (UMR) where large-scale industrial facilities are located on the coast. We improved the land cover input data for the WRF-UCM by reclassifying the default urban category into four detailed areas (low and high-density residential areas, commercial areas, and industrial areas) using subdivided data (class 3) of the Environmental and Geographical Information System (EGIS). The urban area accounted for about 12% of the total UMR and the largest proportion (47.4%) was in the industrial area. Results from the WRF-UCM simulation in a summer episode with high temperatures showed that the modeled temperatures agreed greatly with the observations. Comparison with a standard WRF simulation (WRF-BASE) indicated that the temporal and spatial variations in surface air temperature in the UMR were properly captured. Specifically, the WRF-UCM reproduced daily maximum and nighttime variations in air temperature very well, indicating that our model can improve the accuracy of temperature simulation for a summer heatwave. However, the WRF-UCM somewhat overestimated wind speed in the UMR largely due to an increased air temperature gradient between land and sea.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.45-59
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• 2006

중규모 기상모형을 이용하여 기상장에서의 지형적 특성의 효과가 연구되었다. 본 연구에서는 지형의 경사를 고려한 조도각을 이용하여 지표면의 지형 특성이 직달 복사량에 미치는 효과를 계산하고, 이것이 중규모 기상장에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보았다. 기상 조건에 따른 직달 복사량의 변화를 고려하기 위해, 고기압의 영향을 받은 날과 저기압의 영향을 받은 흐린 날을 선택하여 두 사례에 대한 실험 결과를 나타내었다. 직달 복사량의 보정에 대한 두 사례의 실험 결과, 지형 경사가 급한 태백산맥과 소백산맥에서 직달 복사량의 뚜렷한 차이가 나타났다. 또한 이러한 결과의 시계열 분석을 살펴보면, 산맥의 동쪽 사면에서의 직달 복사량이 오후보다 오전에 약 $10-60W/m^2$ 더 크게 나타나는 반면, 서쪽 사면에서는 그 반대 경향이 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 맑은 날의 경우 더욱 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 같은 방법으로 지표면 온도의 변화를 살펴본 결과, 맑은 날의 경우 지표면 온도는 전 시간에 걸쳐 양 사면에서 더 높게 나와 관측 값에 더욱 근접한 값을 보였다. 흐리고 비가 왔던 날의 경우, 지표면 온도는 오전에는 동쪽 사면에서 더 높은 값을 보였고 오후에는 더 낮은 온도를 보였다. 반면, 서쪽 사면에서의 지표면 온도는 전 시간에 걸쳐 높은 값을 나타냈다. 이 두 사례의 경우, 지표면의 경사를 고려한 경우의 지표면 온도가 수평 지표면을 고려했을 때보다 대개 높게 나타남을 볼 수 있다. 바람장을 살펴보면, 태백산맥과 소백산맥 주위에서 강한 바람이 모사되는데, 이러한 결과는 지형의 기울기를 고려해 줌으로써 수평면을 고려했을 때 보다 온도 경도가 증가되고, 이에 따라 기압 경도력이 강화되기 때문이다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.343-348
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• 2014

일 평균기온을 이용하여 난지형 마늘의 출현시기와 출현율을 일별로 예측하는 동적 모형을 개발하였다. 난지형 마늘은 최적온도인 $12.7^{\circ}C$보다 증가하면서 출현율과 출현속도가 감소하였다. 일 평균기온을 입력하여 난지형 마늘의 일별 출현속도를 예측할 수 있는 베타함수와, 출현속도를 누적하여 마늘 출현율의 변화를 예측하는 비선형 모형을 개발하였다. 개발된 모형으로 생장상의 실험결과를 잘 설명할 수 있었다. 모형을 재배기간 온도조건이 다른 온도구배터널에 적용해본 결과 온도구배터널 재배 마늘의 출현시기와 출현율을 비교적 잘 예측할 수 있었다. 그러나 노지 포장에서는 모형에서는 출현시기가 실제 관측된 것보다 5일 정도 빠를 것으로 예측되어 토양수분 등 온도이외의 다른 요인을 반영할 수 있도록 모형의 개선이 필요하였다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.499-505
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• 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic behavior of a population of Holstein cattle in response to the variation of environmental temperature by analyzing the effects of genotype by environment interaction (GEI) through reaction norms for the somatic cell score (SCS). Methods: Data was collected for 67,206 primiparous cows from the database of the Paraná Holstein Breeders Association in Brazil, with the aim of evaluating the temperature effect, considered as an environmental variable, distinguished under six gradients, with the variation range found being 17℃ to 19.5℃, over the region. A reaction norm model was adopted utilizing the fourth order under the Legendre polynomials, using the mixed models of analysis by the restricted maximum likelihood method by the WOMBAT software. Additionally, the genetic behavior of the 15 most representative bulls was assessed, in response to the changes in the temperature gradient. Results: A mean score of 2.66 and a heritability variation from 0.17 to 0.23 was found in the regional temperature increase. The correlation between the environmental gradients proved to be higher than 0.80. Distinctive genetic behaviors were observed according to the increase in regional temperature, with an observed increase of up to 0.258 in the breeding values of some animals, as well as a reduction in the breeding of up to 0.793, with occasional reclassifications being observed as the temperature increased. Conclusion: Non-relevant GEI for SCS were observed in Holstein cattle herds of southern Brazil. Thus, the inclusion of the temperature effect in the model of genetic evaluation of SCS for the southern Brazilian Holstein breed is not required.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 1992년도 춘계학술대회 논문집 92
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• pp.103-114
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• 1992

Cogging is generally the initial and primary step in the manufacture of practically all large open-die forgings, and consists of forging and ingot by reducing the cross-section and simultaneously enlarging the body. A three-dimensional thermo-viscoplastic finite element model is used to study the distribution of internal stresses and strains of workpiece and temperature of workpiece and die during cogging process. Simulations are carried out on an circular ingot, using v-die and flat die, to study the effects of die configuration, die width, penetration depth, temperature gradient, die overlapping and pass design.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 1998

Transport of carbon and boron impurity ions parallel to magnetic field lines in the tokamak SOL (scrape-off layer) is numerically investigated for a one-dimensional steady state. The spatial distributions of density and velocity of the impurity ions in a steady state are calculated by finite difference method for a single-fluid model. The calculated results show that among forces acting on SOL particles thermal force produced tv plasma temperature gradient is a principal force determining the feature of impurity distribution profiles in the tokamak edge. However, strong collisional friction forces appearing dominant in front of the diverter plate restrain impurity ion flows due to temperature gradients from moving toward the midplane. Consequently, the stagnation point develops in the impurity flow by these two forces near the diverter region, in which ion flows change their directions. Impurity ions turn out to be accumulated at the stagnation points, where peaked profiles of highly-ionized state ions are relatively predominant over those of low-ionized state ions.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 1997년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.240-243
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• 1997

The Quenching and Self Tempering (QST) rolling is treated in terms of an advance process on Controlled Rolling and Cooling Technology (CRCT). In the analysis, the effect of this process is governed by both quenching and finishing conditions in the related with temperature. The objective of the QST model is to simulate the temperature gradient of the stock being rolled in the rolling mill. A comparison of computer simulated and manufactured micro structure as well as mechanical properties shows a good consistency. The micro structure of this high-strength round bar consists of tempered martensite and ferrite + pearlite phases.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 유체기계공업학회 2004년도 유체기계 연구개발 발표회 논문집
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• pp.473-478
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• 2004

This work presents the Thermal Hydraulic analysis has been performed for a 19-pin wire-spacer fuel assembly using three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. SST model is used as a turbulence closure. The whole fuel assembly has been analyzed for one period of the wire-spacer using periodic boundary condition at inlet and outlet of the calculation domain. The overall results far a preliminary calculation show a good agreement with the experimental observations. It has been found that the major unidirectional flows are the axial velocity in sub-channels and the peripheral sweeping flows and the velocities are found to be following a cyclic path of period equal to the wire-wrap pitch. The temperature is found to be maximum in the central region and also, there exist a radial temperature gradient between the fuel rods. The major advantage of performing this kind of analysis is the prediction of thermal-hydraulic behavior of a fuel assembly with much ease.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.1140-1149
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• 2004

The absorption characteristics of water vapor into a LiBr-H$_2$O solution flowing down on finned inclined surfaces are numerically investigated in order to study the absorbing performances of different surface shapes of finned tubes as an absorber element. A three-dimensional numerical model is developed. The momentum, energy, and diffusion equations are solved simultaneously using a finite difference method. In order to obtain the temperature and concentration distributions, the Runge-Kutta and the Successive over relaxation methods are used. The flat, circular, elliptic, and parabolic shapes of the tube surfaces are considered in order to find the optimal surface shapes for absorption. In addition, the effects of the fin intervals and Reynolds numbers are studied. The results show that the absorption mainly happens near the fin tip due to the temperature and concentration gradient, and the absorbing performance of the parabolic surface is better than those of the other surfaces.