• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.3 no.3_4
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• pp.173-179
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• 2000

Recent changes in the coastal sea surface temperatures (SST) in Korea are studied by time series analysis of daily SST data during the last 60 years (1936-1995) at 18 coastal observation stations of the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute. The climate of coastal SST in Korea are rapidly changing in recent years. General trends of coast SST changes in Korea are as follows. The annual averages of SST are increasing. The annual ranges of SST variation are decreasing. The winter SST are increasing while the summer SST have a decreasing tendency. Climatic changes in coastal SST in recent 30 years (1965-1995) are more pronounced than those in the last 60 years (1936-1995). The observed trend of coast SST implies that the climate in Korea shows a tendency to shift from temperate zone to subtropical zone.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 2019

This study was conducted to examine the components of phytoncide from a pine forest in the southern temperate zone. Recent studies have found that a large amount of phytoncide is released not only from cypress trees but also from pine trees. Because the amount released is the highest during summer, we selected a warm climate region in the southern temperate zone and measured the concentration in the month of August. To capture the phytoncide from the forest atmosphere, we used the adsorption tube method with a mini pump and successfully gathered 9 L of forest air at a flow rate of 150 mL/min. We performed duplicate sampling from two different tubes installed at the same location and derived the mean value. A gas chromatography/mass spectrometer detector with thermal desorption spectroscopy was utilized to perform quantitative and qualitative analyses of the captured material. The results showed that the average phytoncide particle of the pine forest in the southern temperate zone contained a number of components as follows in descending order: ${\alpha}$-Pinene (39%, $0.28ng/m^3$), followed by ${\beta}$-Pinene (16%, $0.11ng/m^3$), D-Limonene (8%, $0.06ng/m^3$), camphor (6%, $0.04ng/m^3$), camphene (6%, $0.04ng/m^3$), and p-Cymene (5%, $0.04ng/m^3$). There were also 13 additional phytoncide components in trace amounts. The results of this study are expected to provide a useful dataset for building a "Healing-forest".

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.269-281
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• 2022

The prediction of changes regarding the distribution of vegetation and plant species according to climate changes is important for ecosystem management. In this study, we attempted to develop an assessment method to evaluate the possibility of the potential distribution of warm-temperate woody plant species of East Asia in Korea. To begin with, a list of warm-temperate woody plants distributed in China and Japan, but not in Korea, was prepared, and a database consisting their global distribution and bioclimatic variables was constructed. In addition, the warm-temperate vegetation zone in Korea was delineated using the coldness index and relevant bioclimatic data were collected. After the exclusion of multicollinearity among bioclimatic variables using correlation analysis, mean temperature of the coldest quarter, mean temperature diurnal range, and annual precipitation were selected as the major variables that influence the distribution of warm-temperate plants. A multivariate environment similarity surfaces (MESS) analysis was conducted to calculate the similarity scores between the distribution of these three bioclimatic variables in the global distribution sites of the East Asian warm-temperate woody plants and the Korean warm-temperate vegetation zone. Finally, using stepwise variable-selection regression, the mean temperature of the coldest quarter and annual precipitation were selected as the main bioclimatic variables that affect the MESS similarity index. The mean temperature of the coldest quarter accounted for 88% of the total variance. For a total of 319 East Asian warm-temperate woody plant species, the possibility of their potential distribution in Korea was evaluated by applying the constructed multivariate regression model that calculates the MESS similarity index.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.4
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• pp.613-621
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• 2022

The study aim was to investigate changes in the diameter, number of standing trees, stand volume per ha and site index by the forest survey order, climate zone (northern temperate, central temperate, southern temperate, and warm temperate regions), and altitude in 100 m intervals) by collecting samples of Robinia pseudoacacia from the fifth, sixth, and seventh national forest survey datasets. The rotation cutting age, which is a standard used for wood, was calculated. The changes were statistically analyzed by performing ANOVA and the Duncan multiple test. Diameter growth naturally increased according to the forest survey order and was lowest in the southern temperate region by climate zone and lowest at the 301-400 m altitude. The number of standing trees per ha did not change according to the forest survey order and altitude, and the density was highest in the central temperate region and lowest in the southern temperate region. The stand volume per ha increased according to the forest survey order, and the climate zone was divided into two groups: ① northern temperate region and central temperate region, ② southern temperate region and warm temperate region. The stand volume growth was highest at the 201-300 m point. Thesite index showed results similar to the change pattern of the stand volume per ha. The growth curve, which can be seen by the change in stand volume per ha, was estimated by applying theWeibull formula, and the stand volume per ha was estimated to reach approximately 200 m³/ha at 50-60 years. The rotation of the highest production in volume, which is the standard for using trees as wood rather than honey sources, was calculated to be 34 years.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.277-285
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• 1986

A total of 16 varieties from Korea and Indonesia were tested at Suwon, Korea (126$^{\circ}$19'E, 37$^{\circ}$16'N and 37m above sea level) and Bali, Indonesia (115$^{\circ}$ 14'E, 8$^{\circ}$42'S and 10m above sea level). Japonica-type varieties showed pre-matured heading at Bali, tropical zone, while Bulu varieties showed no heading at Suwon, temperate zone. The varieties of Indica-type and Ind./Jap. showed faster heading in tropical zone than in temperate zone. Dry matter of the varieties weighed more difference among varietal groups in tropical than in temperate area, while plant height responsed differently depending on variety and test region.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2001

The Pollen analyses and the $^{14}C$-dating of the sediments of Moojechi bog were performed in order to study the vegetation history and the environmental changes of the southeasterm montane zone of Korea. These results show that the local pollen assemblage of the montane zone changed from lower upward cool-temperate northern/altimontane forest(MI) into cool-temperate central/montane forest(M II a) and cool-temperate souther $n_montane forest(M II b). Furthermore, In the case of the present cool temperature deciduous broad-leaved forests, its distribution would begin to be expanded from 8,000yr B.P., and its regional differentiation would be developed from 6,700yr B.P..P.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.109-122
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• 1989

The vegetation and landscape of Hokkaido were phytosociologically referred. The region of F a g e t e a c r e n a t a e on Hokkaido is divided into two types of deciduous broad-leaved forest: the oak (Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata) forests mixed with conifers (mainly Abies sachalinensis) and the beech (Fagus crenata) forests of northernmost distribution in far-east Asia. The oak forests, which is dominated by Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata in Japanse islands, seem to be developed from different climatic and edaphic conditions, especially in the amount and sharing pattern of precipitation in a year, and weak acid brown forest soil, volcanic ash soil and sandy soil. On the all-inclusive phytogeographical view-point, Hokkaido is situated at northernmost region of F a g e t e a c r e n a t a e (cool-temperate zone)neighboring with subarctic and subalpine vegetation, vegetation, but the evergreen broad-leaved forest (C a m e l l i e t e a j a p o n i c a e, warm-temperate zone) is abscent.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.3
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• pp.379-388
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• 1999

As a first step for delineating the provenance regions of the forest trees in Korea, horizontal zones have been deduced primarily from the various climatic factors such as annual mean temperature, extremely low temperature, relative humidity, annual gum of possible growing days, duration of sunshine and dry index. The basic concept to the delineation of the provenance regions was based on the ecological regions, which was likely to be more practical than that on the basis of the typical provenance regions at the species level. Primary classification of the regions has been based on the forest zones(sub-tropical, warm-temperate, mid-temperate and cool-temperate) as a broad geographic region. Further classification has been carried out using cluster analyses among the basic regions within forest zone. On the basis of clustering, a total of 19 regions including 3 from sub-tropical, 6 from warm-temperate, 8 from mid-temperate and 2 from cool-temperate was horizontally delineated. Of the mean values of 6 climate factors at the broad geographic region level, three factors such as annual mean temperature, extremely low temperature, annual growing days showed directional tendencies from subtropical to cool-temperate, while the others didn't. The values of relative humidity, duration of sunshine and dry index varied among the provenance regions within forest zone. These three factors might he more sensitive by the micro-environment condition than by the macro-environment condition. Present study aimed to delineate the primary provenance regions for tentative application to forest practices. These will be stepwise revised through the supplement using accumulated information regard to genecological data.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.49-61
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• 1976

A survey was conducted on the vegetation of Judo and Gamagseum in warm temperate zone of Southern Korea. They are covered with natural vegetation, evergreen forest dominated with Castanopsis cuspiadata in Judo and Machilus thunbergii in Gamagseum. Judo is a small island, ca. 1.75 ha, located within the Wando port. Since the flora of Wando including the Judo was reported in 1924, some investigator have reported evergreen trees of Judo. But the list of plant species of Judo is still unavailable. Gamagseum, located at the 15km morth of Judo, is a small island, ca. 1.45 ha, cosisting of two islands, Dae-o-do and So-o-do in low tide, and the report of its flora and any other survery on its is almost none. The vegetatons of Judo and Gamagseum are an example of natural forest vegetation occured rarely in warm temperate zone because of human disturbance in the southern coast zone of the Korean Peninsula. However, the ecological study of those vegetation has not ever been made, and the ecological or plant geographical situations of their vegetation is not clear. To determine the vegetation type, listing of plant species in the islands, calculation of basal area of trees over DBH=4.5cm, Raunkiaer's life form, leaf size class, Pte.-Q and etc., were studied. Total plant species of Judo was 110 species and that of Gamagseum was 99 species. In Judo, Castanopsis cuspidata was 1384 individuals among 2359 individuals over DBH=4.5cm, and in Gamagseum, Machilus thunbergii was remarkably abundant and Castanopsis cuspidata could not be found.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.104-116
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• 2019

Background: The composition of wild bird populations in temperate zones greatly varies depending on phenological changes rather than other environmental factors. Particularly, wild birds appearing in wetlands fluctuate greatly due to the crossover of species arriving for breeding during the summer and for wintering. Therefore, to understand the changes to species composition related to phenology, we conducted this basic analysis of populations to further the cause of the protection of wetland-dependent wild birds. Methods: It is wrong to simply divide a wild bird population investigation into seasons. This study identifies species composition and indicator species that change along with seasons. Wetlands to be surveyed are protected by natural monuments and wetland inventory and are in a state close to nature. In order to identify as many species as possible in wetlands, a survey was conducted in both shallow and deep wetlands. The water depth varied in these areas, ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 m, allowing for both dabbling and diving ducks to inhabit the area. Surveys were conducted using line-transect and distance sampling methods and were conducted at intervals of 2 weeks. The survey was conducted under the following three categories: the eco-tone and emergent zone, the submergent zone, and the water surface. The survey was conducted along a wetland boundary by observing wild birds. A PC-ord program was used for clustering, and the SAS program was used to analyze the changes in species composition. The data strongly indicates that day length is the main factor for seasonal migration periods, despite the fact that climate change and increasing temperatures are often discussed. Results and conclusions: The indicator species for determining seasons include migrant birds such as Ardea cinerea, Alcedo atthis, Anas penelope, and Poiceps ruficollis, as well as resident birds such as Streptopelia orientalis and Emberiza elegans. Importantly, increases in local individual counts of these species may also serve as indicators. The survey results of seasonal fluctuations in temperate zones shows that spring (April to June), summer (July to September), autumn (October), and winter (November to March) are clearly distinguishable, even though spring and summer seasons tend to overlap, leading to the conclusion that additional research could more clearly identify fluctuation patterns in species composition and abundance in the study area.