• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.13-21
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• 2021

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the sensory processing factors that contribute to the temperament and character traits in early childhood. Methods : In this cross-sectional study, caregivers of typically developing children aged 3-6 years responded to the Sensory Profile and the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory. Multiple regression analysis was performed with temperament and character traits as criterion variables and sensory processing quadrants as predictive variables. Results : Sensory sensitivity significantly predicted novelty seeking and cooperativeness. The high frequency of sensory sensitivity behavior was related to high novelty seeking and low cooperativeness. Conclusion : This study demonstrated that sensory sensitivity contributes to the novelty seeking temperament and cooperativeness character in early childhood.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.38-47
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• 2022

Objective : We investigated how sensory processing patterns contribute to temperament and character traits in undergraduate students. Methods : A total of 107 undergraduate students were recruited in September 2022 via convenient sampling method. They completed the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile and the Temperament and Character Inventory. Multiple regression models were applied to analyze the effect of sensory processing quadrants (low registration, sensation seeking, sensory sensitivity, sensation avoiding) on each temperament (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, persistence) and character (self-directedness, cooperativeness, self-transcendence) traits. Results : Sensation seeking significantly predicted high levels of novelty seeking, reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, and self-transcendence but low harm avoidance. Low registration predicted high harm avoidance but low levels of reward dependence, persistence, and self-directedness. Reward dependence was predicted by high sensory sensitivity and low sensation avoiding. Conclusion : This study demonstrated that sensory processing patterns affected novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, and self-transcendence in young adults.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.165-178
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• 2022

In this study, to explore the psychological and biosocial characteristics of the temperament and character's latent profile group, first, the latent group was identified with the seven variables of the Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI), and second, the difference between the psychological and biosocial characteristics of three identified latent groups. A total of 287 university students participated, and the latent groups was identified through latent profile analysis, a human-centeted statistical method, using Cloninger's TCI, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire(CERQ), Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule(PANAS), Composite Scale of Moriningness(CSM), Pittsburgh Sleep Qulity Index(PSQI), and Satisfaction With Life Scale(SWLS). As result, first, three latent groups were identified through latent profile analysis using the seven variables of TCI. second, significant differences were identified in CERQ, PANAS, which are psychological variables, CSM, PSQI, and SWLS, which are biosocial variables among the latent groups. In conclusion, the importance of Self-Directedness(SD), a character factor that can be developed rather than Harm-Avoidance(HA), a temperament factor from nature, was confirmed. And the necessity of follow-up studies on psychological and biosocial variables for adaptive and mature personality was discussed.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.261-267
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric structure of Sasang typology with four personality measures and examine the construct validity of Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). We measured biopsychological traits of 104 university students using SPQ, Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), NEO-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The construct validity of SPQ was analyzed with TCI, NEO-PI and MBTI using Pearson's correlation. The temperament features of each Sasang groups were compared with Analysis of Variance and Profile Analysis. The SPQ showed significant correlation with TCI Novelty-Seeking (r=.398), TCI Harm-Avoidance (r=-.333), TCI Reward-Dependence (r=.465), TCI Self-Directedness (r=0.340), NEO-PI Extraversion (r=0.489) and MBTI Extraversion-Introversion (r=-0.509). The SPQ, TCI and NEO-PI revealed significant differences between Sasang constitutional groups. We examined the temperament construct of the Sasang typology and the validity of SPQ with well established western biopsychosocial instruments. This study would contribute to the objective studies on the biopsychosocial mechanism of Sasang medicine.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 2022

Objectives: The combination of Harm-Avoidance (HA) and Self-Directedness (SD) of Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) has been reported pivotal for mental health; however its clinical usefulness in integrative medicine has not sufficiently reported. The purpose of this study was to illustrate multi-phasic mental health of subjective satisfaction with life, emotional well-being, and psychopathology, following the HA-SD profile groups. Methods: A total of 527 Korean university students reported HA and SD scores as to render their HA-SD profile, and multi-phasic mental health characteristics using Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) with composite well-being scales of SC (Sum of Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness score) and HI (Happiness Index, subtraction of Negative Affect (NA) score from Positive Affect (PA) score) as standardized. Pearson's correlation was used to report correlation coefficient, and the ANCOVA with age and sex as covariates, to show significant differences in mental health and well-being between the HA-SD profile groups. Results: The HA-SD profile groups showed distinctive multi-phasic mental health characteristics; health related scores of SWLS, PA, SC and HI decreased following the order of hS (low HA and high SD), HS (high HA and high SD), hs (low HA and low SD) and Hs (high HA and low SD) profile groups; however the non-health related scores of NA and BDI showed contrasting order. Conclusions: The HA-SD profile was found to be clinically useful for examining multi-phasic mental health and well-being status, and the TCI may be an imperative personality inventory for integrative medicine.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.61-72
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• 2017

Objectives: The Yin-Yang temperament and the Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) were reported to have relations with psychopathological problems in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine how domains of Yin-Yang temperament influence on problem behaviors in Korean middle school students. Methods: Subjects of 681 Korean middle school students completed the SPQ for measuring Yin-Yang temperament and the Youth Self-Report (YSR) for measuring problem behaviors. The differences of problem behaviors between Yin and Yang temperament groups were tested with T-test and profile analysis. The associations of the SPQ subscales on problem behaviors was also examined with Pearson's correlation and regression analysis. Results: Yang temperament was related to the externalizing problem while Yin temperament to the internalizing problem. The Emotionality and Behavior dimension of Yin-Yang temperament were found to be a factor of susceptibility and resilience for problem behaviors, respectively. Three dimensions of Yin-Yang temperament have different influences on externalizing and internalizing problems depending on the sex and Yin-Yang temperament groups of subjects. Conclusions: The Yin-Yang temperament would be useful for predicting and preventing the problem behaviors of middle school students. This study would be useful for screening the psychopathological problems and helping Korean adolescents to develop healthy character.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.12-24
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• 2017

Objectives The purpose of this study was to validate the biopsychological structure of Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) measuring Yin-Yang temperament with Junior version of Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI) for temperament and Body Mass Index (BMI) and Pondera Index (PI) for physical constitution in elementary school students. Methods 903 Korean elementary school students (430 boys and 473 girls) completed SPQ, JTCI, and height and weight measures. Then they were analyzed by their genders and age groups. The correlation between SPQ and JTCI subscales were examined. The differences found in the SPQ and JTCI subscales, BMI and PI among high (30%), middle (40%), and low (30%) SPQ groups were investigated by analysis of variance. The profile analysis was also performed to compare JTCI subscale profiles of three SPQ total score groups. Results The SPQ score was significantly (p<0.001), and positively correlated with the JTCI Novelty-Seeking and negatively with the JTCI Harm-Avoidance. The JTCI Novelty-Seeking score of high SPQ group was significantly (p<0.001) higher than that of low SPQ group, and the JTCI Harm-Avoidance score of low SPQ group was significantly higher than that of high SPQ group. The JTCI subscale profiles for three SPQ groups were significantly (p<0.001) different for boys and girls. Significant correlations between BMI and SPQ were not found. PI and BMI of high and low SPQ groups were not significantly different. Conclusions The SPQ was shown to have robust biopsychological structure in elementary school students. It would be useful clinical measures for Sasang typology in pediatric patients.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.119-125
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• 2011

Objective It has been suggested that the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) is associated with pathological gambling (PG). We investigated the association of the DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism and the temperament in PG using Cloninger's temperament and characteristic inventory (TCI). Methods 104 PG patients and 114 control subjects were recruited. Tests for DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism were conducted in both PG patients and controls. PG patients were requested to complete the TCI. Results There were no significant differences in frequencies of the genotype (${\chi}^2$ = 0.77, p = 0.681), allele (${\chi}^2$ = 0.52, p = 0.469), and allele (A1) carrier (${\chi}^2$ = 0.15, p = 0.695) between the PG patients and the control group. When we compared the TCI profile in the PG patients according to genotypes, there were significant differences in harm-avoidance (HA, p = 0.033), and self-directedness (SD, p = 0.012) among genotypes. These difference were more evident between A1 allele carriers and non-carriers (HA, p = 0.009 and SD, p = 0.004). Conclusion Present results suggest Taq1A polymorphism may not play an important role in the susceptibility to pathological gambling in our population. However, Taq1A polymorphism might be associated with some temperament in Korean PG patients.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 2012

Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate how trauma and personality system was related by comparing TCI profiles of the trauma versus non-trauma groups and PTSD symptom positive (PTSD symptom [+] group) and PTSD symptom negative groups (PTSD symptom [-] group). Methods : We compared the difference of Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) profiles between the trauma (n=61) and the non-trauma (n=61) groups, and between the PTSD symptom [+] group (n=40) and PTSD symptom [-] group (n=21). Results : Comparison of the TCI's seven higher dimensions between the PTSD symptom [+] and [-] groups showed significant differences only in C (Cooperativeness). And in the analysis of TCI's lower dimensions the significant differences were observed in the HA1 (Worry and pessimism), HA2 (Tension regarding uncertainty), and C4 (Compassion) subscales. However, significant differences in the higher dimensions appeared more clearly between the non-traumatized group and the traumatized group. Compared to the non-traumatized group, the traumatized group scored significantly higher in HA (Harm avoidance) and RD (Reward dependence), while lower in SD (Self-directedness). Conclusion : Overall, present results suggest that traumatic experiences may affect personality systems regardless of the development and of PTSD symptoms.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.246-257
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• 2016

Objectives The Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) measures the Yin-Yang temperament of Sasang typology with proven structural and clinical validity in adults, however it was not examined with teenagers. The purpose of this study was to validate the biopsychological structure of SPQ in middle school students.Methods 681 Korean high school students (356 boys and 325 girls) completed SPQ, Junior version of Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI), and height and weight measures. The correlation between SPQ and JTCI subscales were examined, and the differences of SPQ and JTCI subscales, Body Mass Index (BMI) and Pondera Index (PI) among high (30%), middle (40%), and low (30%) SPQ total score groups were investigated with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The profile analysis was also performed to compare JTCI subscale profiles of three SPQ total score groups.Results The SPQ score was significantly (p<0.001) correlated positively with JTCI Novelty-Seeking and negatively with JTCI Harm-Avoidance. The JTCI Novelty-Seeking score of high SPQ group was significantly (p<0.001) higher than that of low SPQ group, and the JTCI Harm-Avoidance score of low SPQ group was significantly higher than that of high SPQ group. The JTCI subscale profiles for three SPQ groups were significantly different for boys and girls. Significant correlations or differences for the PI and BMI among SPQ groups were not found.Conclusions This study presented that the biopsychological structure of SPQ is robust as shown in adults. The SPQ would be a useful clinical measures of Sasang typology in pediatric patients.