• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.829-837
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• 1995

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of ocular bacteria and tear lactoferrin on the Tear Staining Syndrome(TSS) in poodle dogs. Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Micrococcus and Pseudomonas were the most Prevalent microorganisms isolated in normal eyes of poodle dogs, whereas the predominant isolates in the poodle dogs with TSS were Micrococcus, Staptococcus and Staphylococcus. There were no significant differences between the normal and tear-stained poodle dogs in the quantity of tear lactoferrin. In vitro hair staining experiment, bacteria isolated from the eyes with TSS and lactoferrin didn't stain hair. The results have shown that either ocular bacteria or tear lactoferrins were not related to the TSS.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.383-390
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• 1995

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of tear staining syndrome in poodle dogs. Schirmer tear test, fluorescein dye test and measurement of the angle of bend between vertical and horizontal bony nasolacrimal duct were conducted in both poodles and German shepherd dogs. There were no significant differences between normal and tear-stained poodles in tear formation determined by Schimer tear test. However, there was significantly higher tear production in German shepherds than that in normal poodles(p<0.05). In the fluorescein dye test for the measurement of tear excretion, the dye was observed within $14.5{\pm}6.5$ minutes after dropping of the dye in normal poodles, but was not observed even over 30 minutes in tear-stained poodles. German shepherds had rather rapid passage time($0.4{\pm}0.3$ minutes) than poodles in the dye excretion. In the measurement of the angle of bend between vertical and horizontal bony nasolacrimal duct through dacryocystorhinography, there were no significant differences between normal tear-stained poodles with showing $85.0{\pm}6.8^{\circ}$ and $89.8{\pm}6.5^{\circ}$, respectively. However, obtuse angle of bend($106.8{\pm}4.7^{\circ}$) was shown in German shepherds. These results have ascertained that tear staining syndrome of poodle dogs was not related to tear production but to the rate of tear excretion.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.115-118
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• 2008

22 dogs (31 eyes) that had treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for tear staining syndrome at Snoopy Pet Clinic from October 2000 to September 2002 were reviewed. Of the 22 dogs, 12 were female and 10 male. Their mean (${\pm}$ SD) age was 3.5 (${\pm}\;1.3$) years. The breeds of the dogs consisted of Maltese (8 dogs), Shih tzu (6 dogs), Poodle (5 dogs), Yorkshire terrier (2 dogs), and Mixed (1 dog). The dogs received 30 mg/kg trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole perorally twice daily for two to six weeks. 26 (19 dogs) of the 31 eyes (22 dogs) recovered completely and did not show relapse at $26{\sim}30$ weeks after treatment. Any complications did not observed. Five eyes of three dogs were not cured. Two eyes (one dogs) of them had not response to medicament and three eyes (two dogs) recurrence but the clinical signs decreased. It was considered that the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was effective for the treatment in dogs with tear staining syndrome.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.121-128
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• 2000

The effects of cryosurgery on tear production and histological changes of the third eyelid were studied in dogs. Clinically normal 12 mixed breeds weighing 2∼6 kg were divided into three groups and treated as follows; 45 seconds double freeze-thaw treated group, 60 seconds double freeze-thaw treated group and 90 seconds double freeze-thaw treated group. The significant decrease of the tear production after cryosurgery was shown in all groups throughout the observed periods(p<0.05). However, there was no difference among groups. The main complications after cryosurgery were chemosis and conjunctival injection. Other complications such as eyelid edema, eyelid depigmentation and keratitis were more preominent in group III compared to those of groups I and II. On histopathological examination, chronic inflammatory changes and regeneration of the third eyelid glands were noted in group I and predominated loss of the third eyelid glands and necrosis of hyaline cartilage were observed in group III However, such changes were less appeared in group II. The results of this study suggested that double freeze-thaw cryosurgery for 60 seconds on the third eyelid glands would be the most effective method for treating tear staining syndrome.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.37
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• pp.5.1-5.4
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• 2015

Dry eye syndrome is a relatively common disease of the tears and ocular surfaces that results in discomfort, visual disturbance, and tear film instability with possible damage to the ocular surfaces. Microvascular submandibular gland (SMG) transfer offers a surgical alternative for a permanent autologous substitution of tears using the basal secretion of a transplanted SMG. Long-term follow-up reveals that this technique is a lasting and effective solution for patients with severe dry eye syndrome. The uncomfortable symptoms were relieved, and the frequency of use of pharmaceutical tear substitutes was reduced. Objective examination showed significant improvement in tear film and some features of ocular surface such as breakup time of tear film and corneal staining. Patients may suffer from obstruction of Wharton's duct or epiphora after surgery. Activation of secretion-related receptors could improve the early hypofunction of the denervated SMG and prevent the duct obstruction. Reduction surgery, partial SMG transplantation, uses of atropine gel or Botulinum toxin A could be the choices of treatment for epiphora.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2015

Background: Many patients with glaucoma have difficulty using antiglaucoma eye drops because of dry eye symptom. In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we evaluated the effect of Korean Red Ginseng on dry eye syndrome in patients with glaucoma treated with antiglaucoma eye drops. Methods: Forty-nine participants were allocated to the Korean Red Ginseng (3 g/day; n = 24) or placebo (n = 25) groups for 8 weeks. Tear film stability, fluorescein corneal staining, conjunctival hyperemia, tear production, grade of meibomian gland dysfunction, and dry eye questionnaire (Ocular Surface Disease Index) were evaluated at baseline and on completion of the treatment. Results: Almost all patients displayed dry eye symptoms and signs at baseline. After the 8-week intervention, Korean Red Ginseng supplementation significantly improved the tear film stability and total Ocular Surface Disease Index score, as compared to placebo (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Korean Red Ginseng supplementation may provide an additional treatment option for dry eye and patients with glaucoma using antiglaucoma eye drops.

• Journal of The Korean Ophthalmological Society
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• v.59 no.12
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• pp.1103-1107
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• 2018

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical effect of intense regulated pulse light (IRPL) and changes in tear film thickness in dry eye patients. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 25 patients with Meibomian gland dysfunction who had subjective dry eye discomfort and whose tear film break-up time (TBUT) was < 10 seconds. All patients were treated with IRPL three times on days 1, 15, and 45. TBUT, Schirmer 1 test results, cornea staining score with fluorescein, ocular surface disease index (OSDI), and lipid layer thickness were measured and compared before and after the procedure. Results: TBUT was significantly increased from $3.7{\pm}1.2s$ to $4.4{\pm}2.1s$ after IRPL (p = 0.03). Schirmer 1 test and cornea staining scores changed significantly (p < 0.01 and p = 0.01, respectively). OSDI also showed a statistically significant improvement from $39.5{\pm}17.5points$ to $30.4{\pm}18.7points$ (p = 0.01). However, no significant difference in lipid layer thickness was observed (p = 0.49). Conclusions: IRPL is an effective treatment modality to improve TBUT, Schirmer 1 test scores, cornea staining scores, and subjective dry eye symptoms.